Background: Tamoxifen (TAM) is widely used as endocrine therapy for estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer despite a growing controversy regarding its effectiveness in patients with compromised cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) activity. Since it is metabolized to active metabolites via CYP2D6, legitimate concerns have been raised over concurrent use of TAM and drugs that are potent inhibitors of CYP2D6 (e.g., SSRI antidepressants). Toremifene (TOR) is a structural analog of TAM that is approved for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women with ER positive or unknown tumors. TOR is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4, while CYP2D6 is thought to play a minor role in its metabolism. We examined the role of individual CYP isoforms in the metabolism of TOR and TAM to N-desmethyl (NDM), 4-hydroxy (4-OH) and 4-OH-N-desmethyl (4-OH-NDM) metabolites. Methods: The in vitro metabolism of TOR and TAM was investigated using human liver microsomes and recombinant CYP proteins. Samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Results: N-demethylation is the primary metabolic pathway for both TOR and TAM. Similar levels of N-desmethyl metabolites were formed for both compounds. N-demethylation occurred by CYP2D6, 3A4 and 1A1 but not appreciably by the other six CYP isoforms tested. Specific inhibitors of CYP2D6 and 3A4 activity blocked N-demethylation. The 4‑OH and 4-OH-NDM metabolites of TAM, but not TOR, were observed when the parent drugs were incubated with the CYP2D6 isoenzyme.
The formation of both 4-OH-tamoxifen and 4-OH-NDM-tamoxifen (endoxifen) were significantly inhibited by 2D6 inhibitors, including the SSRI antidepressant paroxetine. These results were corroborated by studies using human liver microsomes from poor, intermediate and extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers. Conclusions:
Tamoxifen, but not toremifene, is a substrate for 4-hydroxylation by CYP2D6 in human liver microsomes. The metabolism of toremifene is not markedly affected by potent CYP2D6 inhibitors in human liver microsomes. These results suggest that clinical benefit in subjects taking toremifene to treat metastatic breast cancer would not be subject to allelic variation in CYP2D6 status or affected by co-administration of CYP2D6-inhibiting medications.