Quotes take directly from:
Structural Alterations of Skeletal Muscle Induced by ChronicAdministration of D-Amphetamine and Food Restriction
José A. Duarte(1), Felix Carvalho(2), Konstantinos Natsis(3), Fernando Remião(2),Maria L. Bastos(2), José M.C. Soares(1)and Hans J. Appell(1, 4)(1) Department of Sports Biology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Porto,Portugal, (2) Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University ofPorto, Portugal, (3) Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, AristotelianUniversity of Thessaloniki, Greece and (4) Institute of Sport Orthopedics, GermanSport University Cologne, Germany
"Anorexigenic drugs, like amphetamines, are oftenused as aids to reduce voluntary food intake [14, 27,28], despite of their side effects [10, 25]. Amphetamineadministration induces disturbances in the hormonalbalance [2], in the metabolism, and in the function ofmany organs and tissues [6]. In humans, several toxicside effects were reported in the literature, namely hy-perthermia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, andacute renal failure [3, 25]. These effects may be relatedto extensive muscle damage being manifested as rhab-domyolysis and clinically diagnosed by indirect signs[8]. In fact, the presence of numerous markers for mus-cle damage in blood and in urine [12, 24] was frequentlydescribed in laboratory animals and in humans after theadministration of amphetamine.Although the origin of amphetamine related muscledamage is not completely understood, the restriction ofcaloric intake induced by this drug may contribute totissue catabolism [9, 18, 22], since drastic hormonal andmetabolic alterations can be induced by acute food re-striction [7, 17, 19]. For instance, an increased rate ofnitrogen excretion [11] and high rate of net release ofamino acids from skeletal muscle [20] were describedafter short-term fasting. A reduced growth rate of mus-cle and a smaller cross sectional area of fibers were alsodescribed [16, 22].Since the concept of muscle damage induced by am-phetamine is so far only supported by indirect evidences,the aim of this investigation was to study the structuralalterations in skeletal muscle after repeated administration of amphetamine as compared to food restriction."
"Amphetamine is known to increase body temperatureas well as cortisol and ACTH concentrations [2, 6]which per se would lead to a catabolic situation."
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