Here Marcus and Pann, you guys might like this. How tetrapods (4 legged creatures) came from the sea:
The origin of tetrapods
Insects and fish are some of the oldest life forms of the planet, I mean sharks were around before even the dinosaurs. Insects are even older than fish, but they too probably came from the sea, evolving from very, very early forms of shrimp, plankton and trilobites. Some think that they evolved from very early segmented worms or water bears (tardigrade).
Incidently, "water bears" are probably the toughest life form on the planet as this video will show:
Taken from wikipedia:
Tardigrades are able to survive in extreme environments that would kill almost any other animal. The following are extremes states Tradigrades can survive:
Temperature – Tardigrades can survive being heated for a few minutes to 151 °C (424 K or 304 F),[21] or being chilled for days at −200 °C (73 K or -328 F),[21] or some can survive temperatures for a few minutes at −273 °C (~1 degree above absolute zero/0 Kelvin or -458 F).[22]
Pressure – they can withstand the extremely low pressure of a vacuum and also very high pressures, more than 1,200 times atmospheric pressure. Tardigrades can survive the vacuum of open space and solar radiation combined for at least 10 days.[23] Some species can also withstand pressure of 6,000 atmospheres, which is nearly six times the pressure of water in the deepest ocean trench, the Mariana trench.[13]
Dehydration – although there is one report of a leg movement in a 120-year-old specimen from dried moss,[24] this is not generally considered "survival",[25] and the longest tardigrades have been shown to survive in a dry state is nearly 10 years.[26][27] When exposed to extremely low temperatures, their body composition goes from 85% water to only 3%. As water expands upon freezing, dehydration ensures the tardigrades do not get ripped apart by the freezing ice (as waterless tissues cannot freeze).[28]
Radiation – tardigrades can withstand 1,000 times more radiation than other animals,[29] median lethal doses of 5,000 Gy (of gamma-rays) and 6,200 Gy (of heavy ions) in hydrated animals (5 to 10 Gy could be fatal to a human).[30] The only explanation found in earlier experiments for this ability was that their lowered water state provides fewer reactants for the ionizing radiation.[31] However, subsequent research found that tardigrades, when hydrated, still remain highly resistant to shortwave UV radiation in comparison to other animals, and that one factor for this is their ability to efficiently repair damage to their DNA resulting from that exposure.[32]
Environmental toxins – tardigrades can undergo chemobiosis—a cryptobiotic response to high levels of environmental toxins. However, these laboratory results have yet to be verified.[24][25]
Outer space – Tardigrades are the first known animal to survive in Space. Since September 2007, Tardigrades were taken into low Earth orbit on the FOTON-M3 mission and for 10 days were exposed to the vacuum of space from which they returned alive.[33][34] After being rehydrated back on Earth, over 68% of the subjects protected from high-energy UV radiation survived and many of these produced viable embryos, and a handful had survived full exposure to solar radiation.[23][35] In May 2011, Italian scientists sent tardigrades into space along with other extremophiles on STS-134, the final flight of Space Shuttle Endeavour.[36][37][38]
Their conclusion was that microgravity and cosmic radiation "did not significantly affect survival of tardigrades in flight, confirming that tardigrades represent a useful animal for space research."[39] In November 2011, they were among the organisms to be sent by the US-based Planetary Society on the Russian Fobos-Grunt mission's Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment to Phobos; however, the launch failed.
This life form is over 500 million years old, making it one of the oldest on earth, and it's super tough resilience is probably what enabled the species to survive the 5 mass extinctions that have hit the planet. They will likely outlive humans, even if we destroy much of the planet in nuclear war.
Last edited by Flagg; 04-23-2013 at 05:43 AM.
Lol, today is a day off and im supposed to be using it to get some last minute bits for me holiday and instead I spent the morning going over this stuff
Don't get me wrong, I could talk about this stuff for hours with like minded people. Gonna pop out now but we can carry this on later tonight Marcus!
That site you posted What are evograms? is excellent source of information thanks
Man I got some catching up to do
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Moeraki Boulders, New Zealand
The Moeraki Boulders are alien-like boulders mainly located on Koekohe Beach on New Zealand's South Island. The ancient rock formations are believed to date back more than 60 million years and some weigh several tonnes. They were originally formed on the sea floor in the same way that a pearl forms around a particle of sand. Mauri legend says the boulders are remains of eel baskets, while locals call them "giants' gobstoppers
Wave Rock, Australia
Shaped like a tall breaking ocean wave, incredible rock formation Wave Rock in Western Australia is the result of hundreds of millions of years of erosion. The stripes are caused by leaking minerals in the rock and the "wave" stands 14 metres high and 110 metres long. Over 2,700 million years in the making, today it is popular with visitors posing on the rock face and surfing the giant wave
The Wave on Hyden Rock is one of Australia's most famous landforms, a giant surf wave of multicoloured granite about to crash onto the bush below. Stand under it and feel rock power from over 2,700 million years ago, before dinosaurs roamed the earth
The Pancake Rocks are most spectacular in the Putai area. They were formed 30 million years ago from minute fragments of dead marine creatures and plants landed on the seabed about 2 km below the surface. Immense water pressure caused the fragments to solidify in hard and soft layers. Gradually seismic action lifted the limestone above the seabed. Mildly acidic rain, wind and seawater sculpted the bizarre shapes.
What about the amazing giants causeway in Ireland
That's amazing as well
It's just a book buddyOriginally Posted by marcus300
Dictated by the rich written by the poor many many years after so called events happened
Exactly, written by the rich to keep the poor in line.Originally Posted by marcus300
Scare tactics if you will.
Look at the vast wealth not only monetary but material and real estate the Vatican has
Because of it!
The Giant's Causeway (known as Clochán an Aifir or Clochán na bhFomhórach in Irish[1] and tha Giant's Causey in Ulster-Scots)[2] is an area of about 40,000 interlocking basalt columns, the result of an ancient volcanic eruption.
It is located in County Antrim on the northeast coast of Northern Ireland, about three miles (4.8 km) northeast of the town of Bushmills. It was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986, and a National Nature Reserve in 1987 by the Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland. In a 2005 poll of Radio Times readers, the Giant's Causeway was named as the fourth greatest natural wonder in the United Kingdom.[3] The tops of the columns form stepping stones that lead from the cliff foot and disappear under the sea. Most of the columns are hexagonal, although there are also some with four, five, seven or eight sides. The tallest are about 12 metres (39 ft) high, and the solidified lava in the cliffs is 28 metres thick in places.
The Giant's Causeway is today owned and managed by the National Trust and it is the most popular tourist attraction in Northern Ireland.[4]
Some 50 to 60 million years ago,[5] during the Paleogene period, Antrim was subject to intense volcanic activity, when highly fluid molten basalt intruded through chalk beds to form an extensive lava plateau. As the lava cooled rapidly, contraction occurred. Horizontal contraction fractured in a similar way to drying mud, with the cracks propagating down as the mass cooled, leaving pillarlike structures, which are also fractured horizontally into "biscuits". In many cases the horizontal fracture has resulted in a bottom face that is convex while the upper face of the lower segment is concave, producing what are called "ball and socket" joints. The size of the columns is primarily determined by the speed at which lava from a volcanic eruption cools.[6] The extensive fracture network produced the distinctive columns seen today. The basalts were originally part of a great volcanic plateau called the Thulean Plateau which formed during the Paleogene period
Now I know your all going to love this!!!!
Scientists working 2.4 kilometres below Earth's surface in a Canadian mine have tapped a source of water that has remained isolated for at least a billion years. The researchers say they do not yet know whether anything has been living in it all this time, but the water contains high levels of methane and hydrogen -- the right stuff to support life.
Micrometre-scale pockets in minerals billions of years old can hold water that was trapped during the minerals' formation. But no source of free-flowing water passing through interconnected cracks or pores in Earth's crust has previously been shown to have stayed isolated for more than tens of millions of years.
For more info check out:
http://www.nature.com/news/reservoir...-water-1.12995
No way cool as hell..... A billion years is before there even was life so if it is there it must of just accumulated but then again I guess that's how it ends up......Originally Posted by panntastic
Not true. The first organisms were prokaryotes (from what has been discovered), where fossils have been found dating back to 3.5 billion years ago. I remember studying this in one of my biology classes in college. The Earth is about 4.6 billion years old, so life has been on this planet for most of its existence.
You seem to have a great grasp on all things scienceOriginally Posted by basketballfan22
What's your background?
I saw your replies about religion in the singularity thread
Very educated indeed
Oh, thanks. Yeah I have two bachelor's degrees; one in mathematics and another in ecology and evolutionary biology. I am planning to attend graduate school for my Ph.D in math with the end goal of becoming a professor of mathematics at a university or college. I love knowledge in general though regardless of the field or the practicality of it.
Up too 2.64 billion years..... I can't even fathom thatOriginally Posted by panntastic
That's amazing billion years old
Panntastic, may I ask what you do for a living? Did you attend university; and if so, what did you get your degree(s) in? Same questions for you Flagg.
If I can find the article I will post it but they believe the earth was formed with bacteria on It.Originally Posted by basketballfan22
I did go to UNi yes but for engineeringOriginally Posted by basketballfan22
Science is just something I find fascinating.
As for a job I teach from time to time. But not science far far far from it lol.
Now can I ask what made you as this question?
Pure curiosity. From the posts I have read from you (not just in this thread), you seem fairly articulate and intelligent. One of my degrees is in mathematics, and I sort of guessed that you come from a quantitative field (e.g. math, physics, engineering). It is funny how one is able to recognize that when he/she comes from a similar field.
These kind of threads really get the mind going.
Have you gone back to the beginning post and read through
Some really amazing things going on for sure
I must admit that I have not. I will take the time and read through it eventually. Primarily I read the last 2-3 pages.
You know what I never even realised there were that many pages!Originally Posted by basketballfan22
Suppose its like a good book when your into it deep you just keep going.
Now this is truly amazing!!!
Russian scientists claimed Wednesday they have discovered blood in the carcass of a woolly mammoth,
adding that the rare find could boost their chances of cloning the prehistoric animal.
An expedition led by Russian scientists earlier this month uncovered the well-preserved carcass of a female mammoth on a remote island in the Arctic Ocean.
Semyon Grigoryev, the head of the expedition, said the animal died at the age of around 60 some 10,000 to 15,000 years ago, and that it was the first time that an old female had been found.
But what was more surprising was that the carcass was so well preserved that it still had blood and muscle tissue.
"When we broke the ice beneath her stomach, the blood flowed out from there, it was very dark," Grigoryev, who is a scientist at the Yakutsk-based Northeastern Federal University, told AFP.
"This is the most astonishing case in my entire life.
How was it possible for it to remain in liquid form? And the muscle tissue is also red, the colour of fresh meat,"
he added. Grigoryev said that the lower part of the carcass was very well preserved as it ended up in a pool of water that later froze over.
The upper part of the body including the back and the head are believed to have been eaten by predators, he added.
"The forelegs and the stomach are well preserved, while the hind part has become a skeleton." The discovery, Grigoryev said, gives new hope to researchers in their quest to bring the woolly mammoth back to life.
"This find gives us a really good chance of finding live cells which can help us implement this project to clone a mammoth," he said.
Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2013-05-russian...mmoth.html#jCp
Imagine a pet mammothOriginally Posted by marcus300
A mini one would be awesome!Originally Posted by panntastic
That is very interesting. I recall my brother's talking about cloning a mammoth, but this was before this article came out. I never understood why we don't collect and preserve blood samples of endangered animals that way we can bring them back from the brink of extinction.
Yeah, I argued with my little brother about this. He was excited about the prospect of cloning a mammoth (which I agree), but I argued it would be more important if we cloned critically endangered species. He doesn't have the same level of passion for the environment and animals that I do though.
Bump for any new insight
I'd like to wrestle one
Minus tusks and I'm in there with youOriginally Posted by marcus300
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