The Scientific Research Thread For Anabolic Steroids

[Sauced_Up]

I decided to start this thread for anyone who would like to read about research done on anabolic steroids. I have access to many databases of medical research published in PEER REVIEWED JOURNALS so thats right....
NO BRO SCIENCE IN HERE PLEASE


I will update this thread as I come by new studies and if anyone would like to add to the collection of peer reviewed research please do so. So heres a few abstracts of some studies, if anyone could show me how to get a PDF up on here then let me know since all the studies are 200kb and up and the site only allows me up to 100kb...





Anabolic-androgenic steroids: a possible new risk factor of toxicant-associated fatty liver disease

Paulo Adriano Schwingel1,2, Helma P. Cotrim1, Bernardo Rios Salles1, Carlos Eduardo Almeida1,
Crim ´ erio Ribeiro dos Santos Jr2, Bruno Nachef1, Antonio Ricardo Andrade1 and Cl ´ audio C. Zoppi2

1 Programa de Po´ s-Graduac¸a˜o em Medicina e Sau´ de (PPgMS), Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia,
Brazil
2 Laborato´ rio de Pesquisa do Exerc´ıcio (LAPEX), Faculdade Social da Bahia (FSBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Keywords
anabolic agents – drug use – non-alcoholic
fatty liver disease – steatosis – toxicantassociated
fatty liver disease
Correspondence
Helma Pinchemel Cotrim, MD, Programa de
Po´ s-Graduac¸a˜ o em Medicina e Sau´ de (PPgMS),
Complexo Universita´ rio Professor Edgard
Santos, Rua Augusto Viana, s/n, 5o. andar,
Canela, Salvador, Bahia CEP 40110-060, Brazil
DOI:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2010.02346.x

Abstract
Background: Industrial toxin and drugs have been associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); in these cases, the disease has been termed toxicant-associated steatohepatitis (TASH).

Aim: This study hypothesizes that the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) could also be a risk factor to TASH or better toxicant-associated fatty liver disease (TAFLD) development.

Methodology: Case–control study including 180 non-competitive recreational male bodybuilders from August/2007 to March/2009. Ninetyfive had a history of intramuscular AAS use (cases; G1) and 85 were non-users (controls; G2). They underwent a clinical evaluation and abdominal ultrasound, and their blood levels of aminotransferases, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lipids, glucose and insulin were measured.

TAFLD criteria: history of AAS use 42 years; presence of hepatic steatosis on ultrasound and/or aminotransferase alterations with normal CPK levels; exclusion of ethanol intake Z20 g/day or use of other drugs; and exclusion of obesity, dyslipidaemia, diabetes and other liver diseases. Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance Z3 was considered insulin resistant. Independent t-test, odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated.

Results: All cases were asymptomatic. Clinical and laboratorial data were similar in G1 and G2 (P40.05). TAFLD criteria were observed in 12.6% of the G1 cases and 2.4% of controls had criteria compliant with non-alcoholic fatty liver related to metabolic conditions. OR was 6.0 (95% CI: 1.3–27.6).

Conclusions: These results suggest that AAS could be a possible new risk factor for TAFLD. In this type of fatty liver disease, the individuals had a low body fat mass and they did not present insulin resistance.

[Sauced_Up]

The effect of local use of nandrolone decanoate on rotator cuff repair in rabbits.

Papaspiliopoulos A, Papaparaskeva K, Papadopoulou E, Feroussis J, Papalois A, Zoubos A.
Konstantopouleio General Hospital, Ag.Olgas, N.Ionia, Athens, Greece
National Technical University of Athens, Praxitelous, Athens, Greece
Asklepeion General Hospital, Vas.Pavlou, Voula, Athens, Greece
University of Patra, Ir.Polutehneiou, Patra, Greece
Attikon University General Hospital, Rimini, Haidari, Athens, Greece

Read More: http://informahealthcare.com.proxy.l...39.2010.481007
8th Orthopeadic Department-Shoulder Service, Asklepeion General Hospital, Voula, Athens, Greece. [email protected]

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: There is still controversy about the effect of anabolic steroid on connective tissue. This study examines the hypothesis that the local use of nandrolone decanoate, an anabolic steroid on rotator cuff, facilitates the healing process when used in combination with surgical repair.

METHODS: Forty-eight male rabbits were divided in four groups with anabolic steroids (Nandrolone Decanoate 10 mg/kg) and immobilization as variables. The groups were the following: first group, nonsteroid use-immobilization (NSI); second group, nonsteroid use-nonimmobilization (NSNI); third group, steroid use-immobilization (SI); fourth group steroid use-nonimmobilization (SNI). Every rabbit underwent a rotator cuff incision and reconstruction. Fifteen days later the tendons were sent for biomechanical and histological evaluation.

RESULTS: Groups that did not receive anabolic steroids showed better healing and more tendon strength in comparison to groups that received anabolic steroids. Microscopic examination of specimens from the groups without the use of anabolic steroid showed extensive fibroblastic activity whereas the specimens from those groups with anabolic steroid use showed focal fibroblastic reaction and inflammation. Immobilization provided better results in the groups with anabolic steroid use but it did not influence healing in groups without steroids.

CONCLUSIONS: The effect of local nandrolone decanoate use on a rotator cuff tear is detrimental, acting as a healing inhibitor

[Sauced_Up]

Cardiac and Metabolic Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse on Lipids, Blood Pressure, Left Ventricular Dimensions, and Rhythm

The American Journal of Cardiology
Volume 106, Issue 6, 15 September 2010, Pages 893-901
doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.05.013

Suraj Achar MDCorresponding Author Contact Information, a, E-mail The Corresponding Author, Armand Rostamian BSa and Sanjiv M. Narayan MB, MDa

a University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
Received 20 January 2010;
revised 3 May 2010;
accepted 3 May 2010.
Available online 1 September 2010.


Abstract
Recent surveys and reports suggest that many athletes and bodybuilders abuse anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). However, scientific data on the cardiac and metabolic complications of AAS abuse are divergent and often conflicting. A total of 49 studies describing 1,467 athletes were reviewed to investigate the cardiovascular effects of the abuse of AAS. Although studies were typically small and retrospective, some associated AAS abuse with unfavorable effects. Otherwise healthy young athletes abusing AAS may show elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein and low levels of high-density lipoprotein. Although data are conflicting, AAS have also been linked with elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure and with left ventricular hypertrophy that may persist after AAS cessation. Finally, in small case studies, AAS abuse has been linked with acute myocardial infarction and fatal ventricular arrhythmias. In conclusion, recognition of these adverse effects may improve the education of athletes and increase vigilance when evaluating young athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities.

[Sauced_Up]

Evidence of altered cardiac electrophysiology following prolonged androgenic anabolic steroid use.

Sculthorpe N, Grace F, Jones P, Davies B.
Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2010 Dec;10(4):239-43.
Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Bedfordshire, Polhill Avenue, Bedford MK41 9EA, UK.

Abstract
The non-therapeutic use of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) is associated with sudden cardiac death. Despite this, there is no proposed mechanism by which this may occur. Signal-averaged ECG (SAECG) allows the assessment of cardiac electrical stability, reductions of which are a known risk factor for cardiac arrhythmias. The aim of the present study was to examine cardiac electrical stability using SAECG in a group (n = 15) of long-term AAS users (AAS use 21.3 ± 3.1 years) compared with a group (n = 15) of age-matched weight lifters (WL) and age-matched sedentary controls [C (n = 15)]. AS, WL and C underwent SAECG analysis at rest and following an acute bout of exercise to volitional exhaustion. SAECGs were analyzed using a 40 Hz filter and were averaged over 200 beats. Results indicate a non-significant trend for increased incidence of abnormal SAECG measures at rest in AS (P = 0.55). However, AS demonstrated a significantly higher incidence of abnormalities of SAECG following exercise than C or WL (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the higher incidence of abnormal SAECG measurements immediately post-exercise in the AAS group places them at a greater risk of sudden death. The present study provides a strong contraindication to the use of AAS.

[Shol'va]

I like these types of studies. They use words like divergent and conflicting, retrospective, hypothesizes, could be, possibly, might, may, and suggest. No offense meant at you for posting it. It's just that some reports are controversial themselves. It's kind of like a disclaimer for some of those drugs they advertise on tv...may cause sudden death, blindness, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, stroke, and hematoma of the dorsum of the left temporal lobe. However, with that said, it's always good to keep up on what could, on the outside chance, might, possibly go wrong when doing juice. I'll just blame it on roid rage...

[Sauced_Up]

I like these types of studies. They use words like divergent and conflicting, retrospective, hypothesizes, could be, possibly, might, may, and suggest. No offense meant at you for posting it. It's just that some reports are controversial themselves. It's kind of like a disclaimer for some of those drugs they advertise on tv...may cause sudden death, blindness, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, stroke, and hematoma of the dorsum of the left temporal lobe. However, with that said, it's always good to keep up on what could, on the outside chance, might, possibly go wrong when doing juice. I'll just blame it on roid rage...

No offense taken. But to dispute your argument all these studies are peer reviewed which means they go through rigorous revision and inspection by other institutions before being published into medical journals. There is no BS, no outside influence such as those of pharmaceuticals or they would be discredited instantly. Just to throw that out there but I hope you enjoyed the posts and look forward for more to come...

[terraj]

Check this web site

http://www.ergo-log.com/t300.html

Ergo-log.com is a news site about legal and illegal ergogenic aids. When they work, ergogenic aids make us stronger, faster, cleverer and younger. They often have side effects, some of which we can live with, others not.

[auslifta]

Great info, keep them coming. Can never have enough info. Great site terraj

[Sauced_Up]

Abnormal neurovascular control in anabolic androgenic steroids users.

Alves MJ, Dos Santos MR, Dias RG, Akiho CA, Laterza MC, Rondon MU, Moreau RL, Negrāo CE.

Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.

Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010 May;42(5):865-71.


Abstract
PURPOSE: Previous studies showed that anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) increase vascular resistance and blood pressure (BP) in humans. In this study, we tested the hypotheses 1) that AAS users would have increased muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and reduced forearm blood flow (FBF) compared with AAS nonusers and 2) that there would be an association between MSNA and 24-h BP.

METHODS: Twelve AAS users aged 31 +/- 2 yr (means +/- SE) and nine age-matched AAS nonusers aged 29 +/- 2 yr participated in the study. All individuals were involved in strength training for at least 2 yr. AAS was determined by urine test (chromatography-mass spectrometry). MSNA was directly measured by microneurography technique. FBF was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography. BP monitoring consisted of measures of BP for 24 h.

RESULTS: MSNA was significantly higher in AAS users than that in AAS nonusers (29 +/- 3 vs 20 +/- 1 bursts per minute, P = 0.01). FBF (1.92 +/- 0.17 vs 2.77 +/- 0.24 mL x min(-1) x 100 mL(-1), P = 0.01) and forearm vascular conductance (2.01 +/- 0.17 vs 2.86 +/- 0.31 U, P = 0.02) were significantly lower in AAS users than that in AAS nonusers. Systolic (131 +/- 4 vs 120 +/- 3 mm Hg, P = 0.001), diastolic (74 +/- 4 vs 68 +/- 3 mm Hg, P = 0.02), and mean BP (93 +/- 4 vs 86 +/- 3 mm Hg, P = 0.005) and heart rate (74 +/- 3 vs 68 +/- 3 bpm, P = 0.02) were significantly higher in AAS users when compared with AAS nonusers. Further analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between MSNA and 24-h mean BP (r = 0.75, P = 0.002).

CONCLUSIONS: AAS increases MSNA and reduces muscle blood flow in young individuals. In addition, the increase in BP levels in AAS users is associated with augmented sympathetic outflow. These findings suggest that AAS increases the susceptibility for cardiovascular disease in humans.

[Sauced_Up]

Physical effects of short-term recombinant human growth hormone administration in abstinent steroid dependency.

Graham MR, Baker JS, Evans P, Kicman A, Cowan D, Hullin D, Thomas N, Davies B.

Health and Exercise Science Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sport and Science, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, UK.


Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) as opposed to cadaver pituitary GH is misused for physical improvement. Six days' rhGH administration, in abstinent anabolic-androgenic steroid dependents, was compared with controls.

METHOD: Male subjects (n = 48) were randomly divided into two groups: (1): control group (C), n = 24, mean +/- SD, age 32 +/- 11 years, height 1.8 +/- 0.06 m; (2): rhGH-using group (0.058 IU.kg(-1).day(-1)) (GH), n = 24, mean +/- SD, age 32 +/- 9 years, height 1.8 +/- 0.07 m. Physiological measurements included anthropometry, strength, power and peak oxygen uptake (VO(2) peak). Biochemical measurements included haemoglobin, packed cell volume, glucose, sodium, potassium, urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, thyroid function, testosterone, prolactin, cortisol, GH and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I).

RESULTS: Strength, peak power output and IGF-I significantly increased and total protein, albumin and free tetra-iodothyronine significantly decreased compared to controls (p < 0.05) and within the GH group (p < 0.017). Fat-free mass index and VO(2) peak significantly increased, while body fat and thyroid-stimulating hormone significantly decreased within the GH group (p < 0.017).

CONCLUSIONS: Short-term rhGH increased strength and power. Of therapeutic value is the possibility that muscle bulk and strength could be increased in patients with muscle-wasting conditions.

[Sauced_Up]

The effect of oxandrolone on the endocrinologic, inflammatory, and hypermetabolic responses during the acute phase postburn.

Jeschke MG, Finnerty CC, Suman OE, Kulp G, Mlcak RP, Herndon DN.

Shriners Hospital for Children, and Department of Surgery, University Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.

Abstract
METHODS: Burned children (n = 235) with >40% total body surface area burn were randomized (block randomization 4:1) to receive standard burn care (control, n = 190) or standard burn care plus oxandrolone for at least 7 days (oxandrolone 0.1 mg/kg body weight q.12 hours p.o, n = 45). Clinical parameters, body composition, serum hormones, and cytokine expression profiles were measured throughout acute hospitalization. Statistical analysis was performed by Student t test, or ANOVA followed by Bonferroni correction with significance accepted at P < 0.05.

RESULTS: Demographics and clinical data were similar in both groups. Length of intensive care unit stay was significantly decreased in oxandrolone-treated patients (0.48 +/- 0.02 days/% burn) compared with controls (0.56 +/- 0.02 days/% burn), (P < 0.05). Control patients lost 8 +/- 1% of their lean body mass (LBM), whereas oxandrolone-treated patients had preserved LBM (+9 +/- 4%), P < 0.05. Oxandrolone significantly increased serum prealbumin, total protein, testosterone, and AST/ALT, whereas it significantly decreased alpha2-macroglobulin and complement C3, P < 0.05. Oxandrolone did not adversely affect the endocrine and inflammatory response as we found no significant differences in the hormone panels and cytokine expression profiles.

CONCLUSIONS: In this large prospective, double-blinded, randomized single-center study, oxandrolone shortened length of acute hospital stay, maintained LBM, improved body composition and hepatic protein synthesis while having no adverse effects on the endocrine axis postburn, but was associated with an increase in AST and ALT.

[calgarian]

great info OP do u have something Clomid related?

[Sauced_Up]

great info OP do u have something Clomid related?

I dont have anything on clomid yet, but let me do some searching and hopefully I can come across something with clomid and steroid use

EDIT: There you go Calgarian, took less then 10min for me to find, let me see if I can find anything else on clomid

[Sauced_Up]

Clomiphene citrate and testosterone gel replacement therapy for male hypogonadism: efficacy and treatment cost.

Taylor F, Levine L.
J Sex Med. 2010 Jan;7(1 Pt 1):269-76. Epub 2009 Aug 17.
Rush University Medical Center-Department of Urology, Chicago, IL, USA.

Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The efficacy of oral clomiphene citrate (CC) in the treatment of male hypogonadism and male infertility (MI) with low serum testosterone and normal gonadotropin levels has been reported.

AIM: The aim of this article is to evaluate CC and testosterone gel replacement therapy (TGRT) with regard to biochemical and clinical efficacy and cost.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measures were change in serum testosterone with CC and TGRT therapy, and change in the androgen deficiency in aging male (ADAM) questionnaire scores with CC therapy.

METHODS: Men receiving CC or TGRT with either Androgel 1% or Testim 1% for hypogonadism (defined as testosterone < 300 ng/mL) or MI were included. Serum values were collected 1-2 months after treatment initiation and semi-annually thereafter. Retrospective data collection was performed via chart review. Subjective follow up of patients receiving CC was performed via telephone interview using the ADAM questionnaire.

RESULTS: A hundred and four men (65 CC and 39 TGRT) were identified who began CC (50 mg every other day) or TGRT (5 g). Average age (years) was 42(CC) vs. 57 (TGRT). Average follow up was 23 months (CC, range 8-40 months) vs. 46 months (TGRT, range 6-149 months). Average posttreatment testosterone was 573 ng/dL in the CC group and 553 ng/dL in the TGRT group (P value < 0.001). The monthly cost of Testim 1% (5 gm daily) is $270, Androgel 1% (5 gm daily) is $265, and CC (50 mg every other day) is $83. Among CC patients, the average pretreatment ADAM score was 4.9 vs. 2.1 at follow up (P < 0.05). Average pretreatment ADAM sexual function domain score was 0.76 vs. 0.23 at follow up (P < 0.05). There were no adverse events reported.

CONCLUSION: CC represents a treatment option for men with hypogonadism, demonstrating biochemical and clinical efficacy with few side effects and lower cost as compared with TGRT.

[Sauced_Up]

Recovery of persistent hypogonadism by clomiphene in males with prolactinomas under dopamine agonist treatment.

Ribeiro RS, Abucham J.

Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 910. São Paulo 04039-002, Brasil.
Eur J Endocrinol. 2009 Jul;161(1):163-9. Epub 2009 Apr 9.

Abstract
CONTEXT: Persistence of hypogonadism is common in male patients with prolactinomas under dopamine agonist (DA) treatment. Conventional therapy with testosterone causes undesirable fluctuations in serum testosterone levels and inhibition of spermatogenesis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of clomiphene as a treatment for persistent hypogonadism in males with prolactinomas.

DESIGN: Open label, single-arm, prospective trial.

PATIENTS: Fourteen adult hypogonadal males (testosterone <300 ng/dl and low/normal LH) with prolactinomas on DA, including seven with high prolactin (range: 29-1255 microg/l; median: 101 microg/l) despite maximal doses of DA.

INTERVENTION: Clomiphene (50 mg/day orally) for 12 weeks.

MEASURES: Testosterone, estradiol, LH, FSH, and prolactin were measured before and 10 days, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after clomiphene. Erectile function, sperm analysis, body composition, and metabolic profiles were evaluated before and after clomiphene.

RESULTS: Ten patients (71%), five hyperprolactinemic and two normoprolactinemic, responded to clomiphene (testosterone >300 ng/dl). Testosterone levels increased from 201+/-22 to 457+/-37 ng/dl, 436+/-52, and 440+/-47 ng/dl at 4, 8, and 12 weeks respectively (0.001<P<0.01). Estradiol increased significantly and peaked at 12 weeks. LH increased from 1.7+/-0.4 to 6.2+/-2.0 IU/l, 4.5+/-0.7, and 4.6+/-0.7 IU/l at 4, 8, and 12 weeks respectively (0.001<P<0.05). FSH levels increased in a similar fashion. Prolactin levels remained unchanged. Erectile function improved (P<0.05) and sperm motility increased (P<0.05) in all six patients with asthenospermia before clomiphene.

CONCLUSIONS: Clomiphene restores normal testosterone levels and improves sperm motility in most male patients with prolactinomas and persistent hypogonadism under DA therapy. Recovery of gonadal function by clomiphene is independent of prolactin levels.

[MuscleScience]

No offense taken. But to dispute your argument all these studies are peer reviewed which means they go through rigorous revision and inspection by other institutions before being published into medical journals. There is no BS, no outside influence such as those of pharmaceuticals or they would be discredited instantly. Just to throw that out there but I hope you enjoyed the posts and look forward for more to come...

I wouldn't got that far as to think that its without bias and outside influence. I have been in primary research a long time and I can tell you there is considerable human influence in what gets published and what does not, regardless of the science. Case in point, the whole fiasco with the climate change data.
Granted I am not/was not involved in AAS research.

BTW, excellent thread!

[Sauced_Up]

I wouldn't got that far as to think that its without bias and outside influence. I have been in primary research a long time and I can tell you there is considerable human influence in what gets published and what does not, regardless of the science. Case in point, the whole fiasco with the climate change data.
Granted I am not/was not involved in AAS research.

BTW, excellent thread!

Ok I may have overstated the possibility of influence and used my own experiences with research being conducted. Im sure you can agree that for research conducted by universities(as much of the worlds research is done in) and peer reviewed then published into medical journals, that there is a high regard for quality and accuracy in the experiments. Anyways thanks for the props on the thread!

[calgarian]

I dont have anything on clomid yet, but let me do some searching and hopefully I can come across something with clomid and steroid use

EDIT: There you go Calgarian, took less then 10min for me to find, let me see if I can find anything else on clomid

Thank you my Endo likes to see real studies and then we discuss it send it to him see what he has to say.

[MuscleScience]

Ok I may have overstated the possibility of influence and used my own experiences with research being conducted. Im sure you can agree that for research conducted by universities(as much of the worlds research is done in) and peer reviewed then published into medical journals, that there is a high regard for quality and accuracy in the experiments. Anyways thanks for the props on the thread!

Yes, for the most part I agree with you. As you get farther along in the scientific field you will find, like other professions, that there is a certain degree of favoritism to towards certain ideas, concepts, labs, techniques and so on. A very famous snub as you may recall, is the work of Rosalind Franklin for no reason other than she was a women in a male dominated profession. This I think illustrates my point and shows that science is not devoid of the human element.

The peer-review process is the best and most methodical way to gain and verify information. I am in no way knocking it, its that fact that politics still interjects time to time in research and it can be from many different levels. From the grad student doing the grunt work all the way up to the organization providing funding to the lab. Knowing the limitations in the process makes one a better scientist and skeptic alike.

[Sauced_Up]

Thank you my Endo likes to see real studies and then we discuss it send it to him see what he has to say.

No prob, ill keep updating this thread so if you got any other requests, throw them at me

Yes, for the most part I agree with you. As you get farther along in the scientific field you will find, like other professions, that there is a certain degree of favoritism to towards certain ideas, concepts, labs, techniques and so on. A very famous snub as you may recall, is the work of Rosalind Franklin for no reason other than she was a women in a male dominated profession. This I think illustrates my point and shows that science is not devoid of the human element.

The peer-review process is the best and most methodical way to gain and verify information. I am in no way knocking it, its that fact that politics still interjects time to time in research and it can be from many different levels. From the grad student doing the grunt work all the way up to the organization providing funding to the lab. Knowing the limitations in the process makes one a better scientist and skeptic alike.

Very true, thanks again MS

[MuscleScience]

No prob, ill keep updating this thread so if you got any other requests, throw them at me



Very true, thanks again MS

No Thank You!

This is one of the most thought provoking threads we have had in awhile. I can say myself, that some of these studies got my wheels turning in my head.

[Sauced_Up]

Testosterone Threshold Levels and Lean Tissue Mass Targets Needed to Enhance Skeletal Muscle Strength and Function: The HORMA Trial.

Sattler F, Bhasin S, He J, Chou CP, Castaneda-Sceppa C, Yarasheski K, Binder E, Schroeder ET, Kawakubo M, Zhang A, Roubenoff R, Azen S.

Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2020 Zonal Avenue, Room 434, Los Angeles, CA 90033.
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2010 Nov 8.

Abstract
BACKGROUND: In the HORMA (Hormonal Regulators of Muscle and Metabolism in Aging) Trial, supplemental testosterone and recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) enhanced lean body mass, appendicular skeletal muscle mass, muscle performance, and physical function, but there was substantial interindividual variability in outcomes.

METHODS: One hundred and twelve men aged 65-90 years received testosterone gel (5 g/d vs 10 g/d via Leydig cell clamp) and rhGH (0 vs 3 vs 5 μg/kg/d) in a double-masked 2 × 3 factorial design for 16 weeks. Outcomes included lean tissue mass by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, one-repetition maximum strength, Margaria stair power, and activity questionnaires. We used pathway analysis to determine the relationship between changes in hormone levels, muscle mass, strength, and function.

RESULTS: Increases in total testosterone of 1046 ng/dL (95% confidence interval = 1040-1051) and 898 ng/dL (95% confidence interval = 892-904) were necessary to achieve median increases in lean body mass of 1.5 kg and appendicular skeletal muscle mass of 0.8 kg, respectively, which were required to significantly enhance one-repetition maximum strength (≥30%). Co-treatment with rhGH lowered the testosterone levels (quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) necessary to reach these lean mass thresholds. Changes in one-repetition maximum strength were associated with increases in stair climbing power (r = .26, p = .01). Pathway analysis supported the model that changes in testosterone and insulin-like growth factor 1 levels are related to changes in lean body mass needed to enhance muscle performance and physical function. Testosterone's effects on physical activity were mediated through a different pathway because testosterone directly affected Physical Activity Score of the Elderly.

CONCLUSIONS: To enhance muscle strength and physical function, threshold improvements in lean body mass and appendicular skeletal muscle mass are necessary and these can be achieved by targeting changes in testosterone levels. rhGH augments the effects of testosterone. To maximize functional improvements, the doses of anabolic hormones should be titrated to achieve target blood levels.

[Sauced_Up]

Anabolic and catabolic hormones and energy balance of the male bodybuilders during the preparation for the competition
Mäestu J, Eliakim A, Jürimäe J, Valter I, Jürimäe T.

Institute of Sport Pedagogy and Coaching Sciences, Center of Behavioral and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [email protected]

Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate simultaneous effects of energy balance, caloric intake, and the hormonal anabolic-catabolic balance in bodybuilders prior to competition. Fourteen male bodybuilders took part in an 11-week energy-restricted period to reduce body fat. The subjects were divided into the energy-restricted group (ERG) (n = 7), who were preparing for the competition, or the control group (CG) (n = 7) who continued to train regularly and did not change their dietary or training pattern. Participants were tested at 11 weeks (T1), 5 weeks (T2), and 3 days (T3) before competition for diet, body composition, and fasting hormonal assessment. Body mass and body fat percentage of ERG were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased during the study period. In ERG, insulinlike growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin decreased significantly during the 11-week weight-reduction period (p < 0.05). Testosterone was decreased only from week 11 to week 5 (from 20.3 +/- 6.0 to 18.0 +/- 6.8 nmol/L). Changes in IGF-I concentration were significantly related to changes in insulin (r = 0.741), fat mass (r = 0.705), lean body mass (r = 0.696), and body mass (r = 0.652). Changes in insulin concentrations were significantly related to changes in fat mass (r = 0.630) and lean body mass (r = 0.725). These data indicate that severe energy restriction to extremely low body energy reserves decreases significantly the concentrations of 3 anabolic pathways despite high protein intake. Monitoring of insulin and IGF-1 concentration is suggested to prevent losses in muscle mass in energy-restricted conditions. Other nutritional strategies might be needed to prevent possible catabolic effect during preparation of bodybuilders to competition.

[Sauced_Up]

Growth hormone stimulates the collagen synthesis in human tendon and skeletal muscle without affecting myofibrillar protein synthesis

Doessing S, Heinemeier KM, Holm L, Mackey AL, Schjerling P, Rennie M, Smith K, Reitelseder S, Kappelgaard AM, Rasmussen MH, Flyvbjerg A, Kjaer M.

Institute of Sports Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, Center of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen NV, Denmark.

J Physiol. 2010 Jan 15;588(Pt 2):341-51. Epub 2009 Nov 23.

Abstract
In skeletal muscle and tendon the extracellular matrix confers important tensile properties and is crucially important for tissue regeneration after injury. Musculoskeletal tissue adaptation is influenced by mechanical loading, which modulates the availability of growth factors, including growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), which may be of key importance. To test the hypothesis that GH promotes matrix collagen synthesis in musculotendinous tissue, we investigated the effects of 14 day administration of 33-50 microg kg(-1) day(-1) recombinant human GH (rhGH) in healthy young individuals. rhGH administration caused an increase in serum GH, serum IGF-I, and IGF-I mRNA expression in tendon and muscle. Tendon collagen I mRNA expression and tendon collagen protein synthesis increased by 3.9-fold and 1.3-fold, respectively (P < 0.01 and P = 0.02), and muscle collagen I mRNA expression and muscle collagen protein synthesis increased by 2.3-fold and 5.8-fold, respectively (P < 0.01 and P = 0.06). Myofibrillar protein synthesis was unaffected by elevation of GH and IGF-I. Moderate exercise did not enhance the effects of GH manipulation. Thus, increased GH availability stimulates matrix collagen synthesis in skeletal muscle and tendon, but without any effect upon myofibrillar protein synthesis. The results suggest that GH is more important in strengthening the matrix tissue than for muscle cell hypertrophy in adult human musculotendinous tissue.

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Neuroendocrine regulation of growth hormone and androgen axes by selective estrogen receptor modulators in healthy men

Birzniece V, Sata A, Sutanto S, Ho KK.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Dec;95(12):5443-8. Epub 2010 Sep 15.
Pituitary Research Unit, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.

Abstract
Context: In men, the stimulation of GH and inhibition of LH secretion by testosterone requires aromatization to estradiol. Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), possesses central estrogen antagonistic effect but peripheral hepatic agonist effect, lowering IGF-I. Thus, tamoxifen is likely to perturb the neuroendocrine regulation of GH and gonadal axes. Raloxifene, a SERM, is used for therapy of osteoporosis in both sexes. Its neuroendocrine effects in men are poorly understood.

Objective: The aim was to compare the impact of raloxifene and tamoxifen on GH-IGF-I and gonadal axes in healthy men.

Design: We conducted a randomized, open-label crossover study. Patients and

Intervention: Ten healthy men were randomized to 2-wk sequential treatment with tamoxifen (10 and 20 mg/d) and raloxifene (60 and 120 mg/d), with a 2-wk intervening washout period. Main Outcome Measures: We measured the GH response to arginine and circulating levels of IGF-I, LH, FSH, testosterone, and SHBG.

Results: Tamoxifen, but not raloxifene, significantly reduced IGF-I levels by 25 ± 6% (P < 0.01) and increased SHBG levels by 20 ± 7% (P < 0.05) at the higher therapeutic dose. There was a nonstatistically significant trend toward a reduction in the GH response to arginine with both SERMs. Both drugs significantly increased LH, FSH, and testosterone concentrations. The mean increase in testosterone (40 vs. 25%; P < 0.05) and LH (70 vs. 30%; P < 0.01) was significantly greater with tamoxifen than with raloxifene treatment.

Conclusions: Tamoxifen, but not raloxifene, reduces IGF-I levels. Both SERMs stimulate the gonadal axis, with tamoxifen imparting a greater effect. We conclude that in therapeutic doses, raloxifene perturbs the GH and gonadal axes to a lesser degree than tamoxifen.

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Oral tamoxifen citrate treatment is more effective in normogonadotropic patients who have follicle-stimulating hormone levels within the lower half of normal

Kadioglu TC.
Istanbul University, Istanbul School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
Int Urol Nephrol. 2009 Dec;41(4):773-6. Epub 2009 Apr 21.

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To identify a subgroup of normogonadotropic men who may benefit relatively more from TC (tamoxifen citrate; a widely prescribed drug for male infertility) among those with FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) values in the lower or higher halves of the normal range.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, 120 normogonadotropic infertile men with idiopathic oligozoospermia were included. All patients received 20 mg TC daily as a single dose for 6 months, and semen analysis and hormone levels were analyzed after 6 months, with the values being compared with those before treatment.

RESULTS: The FSH, luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels were significantly increased after the use of oral TC 20 mg daily. The sperm counts of the patients in the lower initial FSH group had a significantly higher increase in sperm count and concentration compared to the relatively higher FSH group.

CONCLUSION: This study revealed that initial FSH values can be used as a marker to estimate the probability that a patient will benefit from oral TC therapy. Patients in the lower FSH group had statistically higher chances of having higher sperm counts after treatment, and it is rational to advise these patients to receive 6 months of oral TC therapy. However, before drawing firm conclusions from this retrospective study, these results should be confirmed with double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trials.

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Oxandrolone enhances hepatic ketogenesis in adult men

Vega GL, Clarenbach JJ, Dunn F, Grundy SM.

Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Immediate administration of oxandrolone markedly increases hepatic lipase activity and reduces levels of plasma high-density lipoprotein.

RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY: We postulated that oxandrolone should increase hepatic lipase and that the nonesterified fatty acids generated would enhance hepatic ketogenesis during an extended fat tolerance test.

MAIN RESULTS: Eighteen men participated in the study using short-term administration of oxandrolone (10 mg/d) over a week. Subjects had evaluation of hepatic ketogenesis at baseline and after 7 days of administration of oxandrolone. Ketogenesis was assessed by measuring plasma levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate during a fat tolerance test. Oxandrolone increased fasting levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate by 70%, and increased the area under the curve during an FFT by 53% above pretreatment levels without affecting the areas under the curve for nonesterified fatty acids, glycerol, or triglycerides. Fasting 3-hydroxybutyrate levels correlated with nonesterified fatty acids and with triglycerides; however, there were no significant correlations with any other parameter.

CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that short-term administration of oxandrolone results in marked increases in hepatic ketogenesis. This finding is consistent with an increased influx of fatty acids into the liver secondary to lipoprotein lipolysis by increased hepatic lipase. However, the possibility cannot be ruled out that oxandrolone acts directly in the liver to stimulate fatty acid oxidation. Therefore, the observation of increased ketogenesis will require further studies to determine the molecular basis of the response.