Personal Remarks, Thoughts, Reflections, News

[BJJ]

I shall use this thread for my personal considerations.
I would kindly ask you not to disgrace it but instead to infer and argue, where needed and desired, in order to improve our knowledge from one-another.
Wit, will be much appreciated.
Thank you.

[BJJ]

The concept of biological age and its relationship with the theories of the ageing:
In recent years, with the recovery of interest to the medical aspects and scientific the basis of the ageing and to the possibility of it through pharmacological interventions targeted, the concept of biological age has become a topic of conversation of great news. Here is that, in relation to the growing sophistication of the application of health, by the man in the road, from the questions: I have some disease hidden? are at risk for some disease? How can I do to remain in good health? It is passed to: what is my biological age? Can I rejuvenating?
The so-called biological age is a concept used frequently but so often vague and improper and with little objectivity to describe a difference between the eligibility of the average life of a cohort of individuals born in the same year and the eligibility of life perceived an individual in the same age. How can establish the biological age of a person? In general the impression immediate derived by the look of the face makes us able to judge if a certain person "is young" or "more old" with respect to its age. According to some authors the perception of the age of a subject or of its features in so apparently automatic, but it is in fact a consequence of the phenomena of learning related to sensory circuits, mental, cinestesici, in addition beliefs, thoughts and emotions. Moreover is common concept that understand the age of a person subject in the face cannot always be easy. Almost inevitably, you must use the use of observations more to less sophisticated indices physiological for which have extensive statistical bases in the general population.
To remove immediately possible misunderstandings must state that at the time has not been defined no standardized method and generally accepted quantify the biological age. Only for certain compartments of the body we currently have a sophisticated diagnostic methods instrumental non-invasive that allow, through the use of specific mathematical models of reference, to determine the biological age.
A typical case is that of biological age skin for which were developed sophisticated techniques based by torquemeter, spectrophotometry and analysis of image of microrelief skin. When instead we refer to biological age in a more global, then there are enormous problems of type methodology. If this quantification proves possible, its use would be unquestionable value, for example to assist the taking of informed decisions on appropriateness of invasive procedures or surgery, with less use criteria of mere subjectivity, or to give the individual a standard that allows him to project in a reliable its quality of life, or even its entitlement to life.
The inability to predict the eligibility of life in the single individual has interfered with the creation of the concept of biological age, even if the term was sometimes used in a subjective, with the complication that a patient seems more old or younger than in his age. The ageing can be regarded as a process multifactorial, which derives from interaction of factors genetic, environmental and living habits. In the course of the time many studies have been sent to the identification of biological events that could be attributable to progressive deterioration that occurs in conjunction with the ageing. Currently, one of more theories credited assumes that there is a common mechanism at the base of many diseases associated with ageing which affect several bodies. This theory is focused on primary role played by free radicals and provides a model plausible and general to explain the process of ageing.
The abstract start from the theory that aging and diseases associated with it are the result of damage caused by phenomenon of oxidative stress. This process is associated with one imbalance between the excessive production of oxidizing factors (such as free radicals) and a decrease in antioxidants defenses, that finally takes the form of damage to the body. According to the most modern theories aging is characterized by a state of chronic inflammation mild linked to genetic predisposition that innate alterations to the genetic heritage acquired by everyone in the course of his life for stochastic reasons and/or environmental.
This type of the inflammatory process can lead, in the long term, to impairment of organs and equipment thus to the reduction of the longevity, increasing the sensitivity to some risk factors. The diseases related to the age, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease, atherosclerosis, the type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, begin to manifest themselves or be amplified by inflammation. For this reason the study of inflammation, and in particular the alteration in the production of cytokines that govern this process, is a frontier still little explored but very promising.

Estimation techniques of biological age by algorithms mathematical-statistics:
The difficulties involved in the determination of biological age through the examination direct and aims of the subject have urged the search of quantitative techniques to enable it to reach with lowest effort to a similar result, at least from the point of theory. The latter statement is of obligation because, in keeping with thermo-fee, no mathematical model, as sophisticated, substitute for direct observation of reality. Since there is a single method for estimating the biological age, may be useful in the first instance to operate a classification of the main methods available. In principle we can therefore distinguish two possible types of approach:
1) techniques that are trying to estimate, on the basis of some biological characteristics of the individual, the biological age that would be achieved by recourse to a methodology based on direct observation of the subject. These techniques are trying to build an algorithm in a position to imitate the best possible the process of awarding of biological age that would be a human being following a procedure empirical as those consolidated by legal medicine. This kind of techniques, are not generally be accompanied by instruments to test the validity of the standard that try to replicate. Have the problem that, even if it were possible to replicate perfectly the decision-making human allocation of biological age by a mathematical process, if it human fact, the process to be wrong would not be possible realizing it.
2) techniques which imply a definition of the concept of biological age, shall inform mathematics or statistics, in terms of a formal report with other biological characteristics of direct and possibly easy measurement in the individual. Since this report is used as note only in some of its aspects, in accordance with this approach will be first to use the data collected on a large number of individuals to specify the nature of this report, then use the mathematical formula so defined for the allocation of biological age of an individual on the basis of biological characteristics that were considered to be relevant for the purpose of its definition.

The validation of estimation techniques of biological age:
The techniques that are trying to estimate the biological age following the first approach are characterised by minor issues to validation. In fact, just take a group of individuals independent from that that was used for the construction of method validation, estimate for such individuals the biological age and compare it with the "true". Although this method of validation can hide thin pitfalls of a statistical nature, above all that linked to representativeness of the sample of validation and therefore the generalization of the results, it is undoubtedly equipped with an intrinsic and self-evident validity. Also, if properly conducted, allows to acquire information useful to improve the estimation method.
This is not the process of validation for technical of the second type. In this case, in fact, the biological age is directly defined in mathematical terms are looking for optimize a particular criteria with a rational generally explained by its application in which you want to use the estimated age. In such cases, therefore, it is to test the extent to which the algorithm of estimate has been able to optimize the criterion adopted, as its rational taken as valid prior.
The method of validation is very different from previous case since these techniques do not pose the objective to estimate a given that pre-is there to them but are seeking to satisfy the better, on the basis of the reality empirical, a precise criterion for optimality theoretical dictated by specific application for which is built the model. The validation is reduced to see how these techniques are able to extract from the real data an information that may be interpreted in terms of biological age.
As regards the approach of first type, the problem reduces "simply" in the construction of an algorithm able to replicate the performance of a human decision maker on the basis of a sample of individuals that is representative of the population of subject to which it will then apply the algorithm. For each of these individuals, therefore, must be available the biological age attributed by human decision maker and a number of variables within which to choose the most suitable for the construction of a predictive model.
The generalization of the results should be guaranteed, in the statistics, from the application of specific sampling plans based on random mechanisms to prevent, at least in terms probabilistic, to build a model not extensible to persons other than those that entered in the sample. This is therefore not extraneous to the algorithm predictive in itself, for which it is assumed that the representativeness of the sample used for its construction has been suitably ensured by appropriate practice of selection of individuals.
The regression techniques of origin may indeed be accompanied statistical methodologies as neural networks that can see their genesis in many theoretical contexts, more than applications, or hybrid solutions that draw separate from methodological deans but can be properly integrated in the light of their complementarity. A very classic is that of the application to appropriate statistical techniques to support the construction neural models. The framework can be then supplemented by more sophisticated algorithms as the support vector regression, the regression trees, the techniques based on whole populations (ensambles) of models show in place of one, as the bagging or the effect.
The situation is very different and more heterogeneous for the approach of a second type, for which we will just to submit briefly only some experiences we consider particularly representative of this second mode and useful to introduce our algorithm of calculation. A solution well characterized along the lines of second approach is based on observation that the value of the laboratory of many biomarkers tending to decrease in an approximately linear way the advance in age; authors have built a system of determination of biological age based on simple models of linear regression constructed from from the figures in 16 biomarkers.
This technique not only allows to estimate the biological age, but even before it from an implicit definition that follows the particular statistical report identified between age, biological age and value of biomarkers selected, as is characteristic of the approaches of the second type. The study in question has its interest not so much in the use of regression, but in its use in a manner not technically banal and in the construction very glossy of rational on the basis of which is built the model proposed.
The research mentioned above are particularly significant from our point of view, because even in our algorithm of calculation are widely use of models of regression. Also, very important to our eyes is the condition that the biomarkers expressed therein are determined on healthy people for the purpose of construction of the model, as the state of health plays a crucial role in our algorithm. Closely linked to experience structured around the models of regression are different searches based on measures of correlation, since they relate to a similar context and in many cases prodrome to that of regression. Investigations very complex from the point of view of the statistical methodology were based on analysis techniques of the factors and other methodologies from it derived.
In this context, the most famous and sophisticated is Nakamura based in large part on the lisrel methodology, which may be considered a sort of widespread common analysis of factors. In this search is done a survey with a very extensive information on the basis of 9 biomarkers selected by a group of 25, time to clarify the plot of relationships between these measures and the concept of biological age that have not to be limited to its simple quantification, which in reality is not between the declared purposes of work but that may be obtained from the model.

BIOLOGICAL AGE
1. D-ROMs (REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITES) Test {blood}
2. OXI-Adsorbent Test {blood}
3. EICOSANOIDS Test {blood}
4. ALCAT Test (ANTIGEN LEUKOCYTE CELLULAR ANTIBODY TEST) {blood}
5. DISBIOSI Test {urine}
6. 8-OH-2DG {urine}
7. HOMOCYSTEINE {blood}
8. MELATONIN SULPHATE {urine}
9. Vitamin A Measuring {blood}
10. Vitamin E Measuring {blood}

[DSM4Life]

i hate the gays

[FireGuy]

Sidenote to BJJ and anyone else. It would be much easier to read if you mixed in a paragraph here and there. I kept losing my spot while trying to read it. Maybe it's a case of my eyes getting too old.

[BJJ]

Sidenote to BJJ and anyone else. It would be much easier to read if you mixed in a paragraph here and there. I kept losing my spot while trying to read it. Maybe it's a case of my eyes getting too old.

Sorry, I do not understand what you mean.
"mixed in a paragraph here and there"?

[energizer bunny]

Sorry, I do not understand what you mean.
"mixed in a paragraph here and there"?

he means you should use paragraphs in your article....so it is easier to read.

[BJJ]

he means you should use paragraphs in your article....so it is easier to read.

Done and thanks.

[FireGuy]

Much Better! Thanks!

[BJJ]

Much Better! Thanks!

You are welcome!

[BJJ]

The thirst is not a simple feeling, but a physiological spur very important that has the aim of maintaining balance the number of water in the body. In an adult man the water is about 60% of body weight, a little less in the body in women (50%) because of a higher percentage of fatty tissues.
To maintain a constant volume of body water there are many regulatory mechanisms, between which stands out the recruitment of water from the outside. Without the valuable encouragement of thirst, the other control systems involved in the water balance, of which we recall the adjustment of urination and sweating, would be entirely insufficient to ensure the survival of the body.
The kidneys, in fact, may not restore the water lost, but only then retain it. By a purely physiological, the reflection of thirst is sparks in the presence of an imbalance between the water and salts circulating in blood.
The reduction in the plasma volume (the the liquid part of the blood) or the increase in concentration of dissolved salts in it, is a clear warning signal. In these conditions is essential to ensure an adequate supply of liquid from the outside.
The research and the recruitment of water is chaired by a particular region hypothalamic, known as the centre of thirst and sensitive to these stimulus. In this anatomical seat there are specific receptors which trigger the reflection of thirst when the appropriate plasma exceeds the standard values.
The same reflection is inhibited, namely braked (absence of thirst) in conditions opposed to previous. Hypothalamic addition to the control, all contribute to regular the recruitment for liquids other than local factors, as the state of oral mucosal dryness.
It is interesting as the act of drink both in itself sufficient to calm, at least temporarily, the thirst. We recognize when suck a platform of ice succeeding, in spite of the modest quantity of liquid introduced, to calm a particularly stubborn thirst.
The thirst, similarly to hunger or better in appetite, is not the result of simple physiological factors. The human being, in fact, is led to drink even in the absence of a real stimulus of thirst, for example because of certain cultural habits and social.
It is important to remember that the stimulus of thirst has moderated in the elderly. From here the recommendation to drink every day at least two litres of water, independently from the perception of such stimulus.
The sensation of thirst is abolished in response to brain injuries and the loss of consciousness. An increase of this impulse is the case instead in conditions of not treaty diabetes and in the presence of an important bleeding, because, respectively, of increased losses of liquids in urine and a decrease plasma volume.
As from common experience, the thirst increases very much when you practice physical activity, especially if carried out in hot.
It is good to remind that if the subject replaces the liquid lost, with water at low fixed residue, is restored the plasma volume but not its concentration of salt, which is even worse diluted even more the deficit electrolyte imbalance. To prevent this phenomenon, that in extreme cases can cause cramps, marked reduction in performance and even become deadly, are in trade many drinks enriched with mineral salts. When these are exceeded, in fact, the high concentration of salt at the level intestinal draws liquids for gradient, causing diarrhea and increasing the state of body dehydration.

[energizer bunny]

when i read the title Thirst...i wanted a drink LOL........being thirsty means you are already dehydrated or not properly hydrated......random but good read.....

were you thirsty when you thought of this Post?

[BJJ]

when i read the title Thirst...i wanted a drink LOL........being thirsty means you are already dehydrated or not properly hydrated......random but good read.....

were you thirsty when you thought of this Post?

I like to write stuff sometimes, when I have spare time just to get out of the ordinary life. I used do this in Italian but sice I joined this forum I started to write again in English, I mean not technical, and this had not happened since a lot of time. So, I think I shall continue.

Yes I was, very much indeed!!!

[BJJ]

Background Athletes often take androgenic steroids in an attempt to increase their strength. The efficacy of these substances for this purpose is unsubstantiated, however.

Methods We randomly assigned 43 normal men to one of four groups: placebo with no exercise, testosterone with no exercise, placebo plus exercise, and testosterone plus exercise. The men received injections of 600 mg of testosterone enanthate or placebo weekly for 10 weeks. The men in the exercise groups performed standardized weight-lifting exercises three times weekly. Before and after the treatment period, fat-free mass was determined by underwater weighing, muscle size was measured by magnetic resonance imaging, and the strength of the arms and legs was assessed by bench-press and squatting exercises, respectively.

Results Among the men in the no-exercise groups, those given testosterone had greater increases than those given placebo in muscle size in their arms (mean [±SE] change in triceps area, 424±104 vs. -81±109 mm2; P<0.05) and legs (change in quadriceps area, 607±123 vs. -131±111 mm2; P<0.05) and greater increases in strength in the bench-press (9±4 vs. -1±1 kg, P<0.05) and squatting exercises (16±4 vs. 3±1 kg, P<0.05). The men assigned to testosterone and exercise had greater increases in fat-free mass (6.1±0.6 kg) and muscle size (triceps area, 501±104 mm2; quadriceps area, 1174±91 mm2) than those assigned to either no-exercise group, and greater increases in muscle strength (bench-press strength, 22±2 kg; squatting-exercise capacity, 38±4 kg) than either no-exercise group. Neither mood nor behavior was altered in any group.

Conclusions Supraphysiologic doses of testosterone, especially when combined with strength training, increase fat-free mass and muscle size and strength in normal men.

Anabolic –androgenic steroids are widely abused by athletes and recreational bodybuilders because of the perception that these substances increase muscle mass and strength,1-9 but this premise is unsubstantiated. Testosterone replacement increases nitrogen retention and fat-free mass in castrated animals and hypogonadal men,10-15 but whether supraphysiologic doses of testosterone or other anabolic–androgenic steroids augment muscle mass and strength in normal men is unknown.1-9 Studies of the effects of such steroids on muscle strength have been inconclusive,16-33 and several reviews have emphasized the shortcomings of the studies.1-5,8-10 Some of the studies were not randomized; most did not control for intake of energy and protein; the exercise stimulus was often not standardized; and some studies included competitive athletes whose motivation to win may have kept them from complying with a standardized regimen of diet and exercise.

We sought to determine whether supraphysiologic doses of testosterone, administered alone or in conjunction with a standardized program of strength-training exercise, increase fat-free mass and muscle size and strength in normal men. To overcome the pitfalls of previous studies, the intake of energy and protein and the exercise stimulus were standardized. Because some previous studies had demonstrated significant increases in muscle strength and hypertrophy in experienced athletes but not in sedentary subjects, we studied men who had weight-lifting experience.

METHODS

Study Design
This study was approved by the institutional review boards of the Harbor–UCLA Research and Education Institute and the Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science. All the study subjects gave informed written consent. The subjects were normal men weighing 90 to 115 percent of their ideal body weights; they were 19 to 40 years of age and had experience with weight lifting. They were recruited through advertisements in local newspapers and community colleges. None had participated in competitive sports in the preceding 12 months. Men who had ever taken anabolic agents or recreational drugs or had had a psychiatric or behavioral disorder were excluded from the study.

Of 50 men who were recruited, 7 dropped out during the control period because of problems with scheduling or compliance. The remaining 43 men were randomly assigned to one of four groups: placebo with no exercise, testosterone with no exercise, placebo plus exercise, and testosterone plus exercise. The study was divided into a 4-week control period, a 10-week treatment period, and a 16-week recovery period. During the four-week control period, the men were asked not to lift any weights or engage in strenuous aerobic exercise.

Of the 43 men, 3 dropped out during the treatment phase: 1 because of problems with compliance, 1 because illicit-drug use was detected by routine drug screening, and 1 because of an automobile accident. Forty men completed the study: 10 in the placebo, no-exercise group; 10 in the testosterone, no-exercise group; 9 in the placebo-plus-exercise group; and 11 in the testosterone-plus-exercise group.

Standardization of Protein and Energy Intake
wo weeks before day 1, the men were instructed to begin following a standardized daily diet containing 36 kcal per kilogram of body weight, 1.5 g of protein per kilogram, and 100 percent of the recommended daily allowance of vitamins, minerals, and trace elements. Compliance with the diet was verified every four weeks by three-day records of food consumption. The dietary intake was adjusted every two weeks on the basis of changes in body weight.

Treatment
The men received either 600 mg of testosterone enanthate in sesame oil or placebo intramuscularly each week for 10 weeks in the Clinical Research Center. This dose is six times higher than the dose usually given as replacement therapy in men with hypogonadism and is therefore supraphysiologic. Doses as high as 300 mg per week have been given to normal men for 16 to 24 weeks without major toxic effects.

Training Stimulus
The men in the exercise groups received controlled, supervised strength training three days per week during the treatment period. All the men trained at equivalent intensities in relation to their strength scores before the training. The training consisted of a cycle of weight lifting at heavy intensity (90 percent of the maximal weight the man lifted for one repetition before the start of training), light intensity (70 percent of the pretraining one-repetition maximal weight), and medium intensity (80 percent of this maximal weight) on three nonconsecutive days each week.35 Regardless of the actual weights lifted, the training was held constant at four sets with six repetitions per set (a set is the number of complete repetitions of an exercise followed by rest). Because previous research had demonstrated increases in strength of approximately 7 percent for the bench-press exercise and 12 percent for the squatting exercise after four to five weeks of training,35 the weights were increased correspondingly during the final five weeks of training in relation to the initial intensity. The number of sets was also increased from four to five, but the number of repetitions per set remained constant. The men were advised not to undertake any resistance exercise or moderate-to-heavy endurance exercise in addition to the prescribed regimen.

Evaluation and Outcome Measures
The primary end points were fat-free mass, muscle size as measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and muscle strength as based on the one-repetition maximal weight lifted during the bench-press and squatting exercises before and after the 10-week treatment period. Serum concentrations of total and free testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and sex hormone–binding globulin were measured on days 14 and 28 of the control period and days 2, 3, 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70 of the treatment period. Blood counts, blood chemistry (including serum aminotransferases), serum concentrations of prostate-specific antigen, and plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides were measured at the start of the control period and on day 4; on days 28, 56, and 70 of the treatment period; and four months after the discontinuation of treatment. Periodic evaluations to identify adverse effects were performed by examiners unaware of the study-group assignments on days 1 and 28 of the control period; days 28, 56, and 70 of the treatment period; and four months after the discontinuation of treatment. Mood and behavior were evaluated during the first week of the control period and after 6 and 10 weeks of treatment. Sexual function and semen characteristics were not assessed.

Assessment of Muscle Size
Muscle size was measured by MRI of the arms and legs at the humeral or femoral mid-diaphyseal level, the junction of the upper third and middle third of the bone, and the junction of the middle third and lower third. The cross-sectional areas of the arms and legs, the subcutaneous tissue, the muscle compartment, and the quadriceps and triceps muscles were computed, and the areas at the three levels were averaged.

Analysis of Body Composition
Fat-free mass was estimated on the basis of measurements of body density obtained by underwater weighing. During weighing, the men were asked to exhale to the residual volume, as measured by helium dilution.

Measures of Muscle Strength
The effort-dependent performance of muscle was assessed on the basis of the maximal weight lifted for one repetition during the bench-press and squatting exercises.36 Each man completed increasingly more difficult lifts with the same weights and bars that he used during training; in each exercise, the maximal weight lifted (the one-repetition maximum) was recorded as a measure of muscle strength.

Hormone Measurements
Serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone were measured by immunofluorometric assays,36 each with a sensitivity of 0.05 IU per liter. Serum testosterone was measured by immunoassay,37 and free testosterone was measured by equilibrium dialysis.37 Serum concentrations of sex hormone–binding globulin and prostate-specific antigen were measured by immunoassays using reagents purchased from Delphia–Wallac (Turku, Finland) and Hybritech (San Diego, Calif.), respectively.

Assessment of Mood and Behavior
A standardized Multidimensional Anger Inventory38 that includes 38 questions to measure the frequency, duration, magnitude, and mode of expression of anger, arousal of anger, hostile outlook, and anger-eliciting situations and a Mood Inventory that includes questions pertaining to general mood, emotional stability, and angry behavior were administered before, during (week 6), and after the treatment (unpublished data). For each man a live-in partner, spouse, or parent answered the same questions about the man's mood and behavior.

Statistical Analysis
The Shapiro and Wilk test was used to test whether the outcome variables had a normal distribution. Changes were computed for each subject as the difference between the values for each variable at the beginning and end of the treatment period (from day 0 to day 70). These values were averaged among the subjects in each group to obtain the group means. Analysis of variance was used to determine whether there were base-line differences among the four groups. Two-tailed, paired t-tests were used to test for changes in each outcome variable in each group. If there was a change, an analysis of variance was used to test for differences between groups in the amount of change, and then Scheffé's test was used to assess pairwise differences. This test adjusts for multiple comparisons, but it does not yield exact P values for pairwise comparisons between groups.

RESULTS
The four groups were similar with respect to age and weight, height, and body-mass index before treatment (Table 1). Acne developed in three men receiving testosterone and one receiving placebo, and two men receiving testosterone reported breast tenderness, but no other side effects were noted. The serum liver-enzyme concentrations, hemoglobin concentrations, hematocrits, and red-cell counts did not change in any study group (Table 2). Serum creatinine concentrations did not change, except in the testosterone-plus-exercise group, in which the mean (±SE) serum creatinine concentration increased from 1.0 mg per deciliter (88 µmol per liter) to 1.1 mg per deciliter (97 µmol per liter) (P=0.02). Plasma concentrations of total and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides did not change in any study group; plasma HDL cholesterol decreased significantly in the placebo-plus-exercise group. There was no change in the serum concentration of prostate-specific antigen in any group.

Endocrine Responses
The base-line serum concentrations of total and free testosterone in the four groups were similar. The serum concentrations of total and free testosterone increased significantly in the two testosterone groups, but not in the placebo groups (Table 3). The base-line serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and sex hormone–binding globulin were similar in the four groups, and the concentrations decreased significantly in the two testosterone groups.

Body Weight and Composition
Body weight did not change significantly in the men in either placebo group (Table 4). The men given testosterone without exercise had a significant mean increase in total body weight, and those in the testosterone-plus-exercise group had an average increase of 6.1 kg in body weight — a greater increase than in the other three groups.

Fat-free mass did not change significantly in the group assigned to placebo but no exercise (Table 4 and Figure 1). The men treated with testosterone but no exercise had an increase of 3.2 kg in fat-free mass, and those in the placebo-plus-exercise group had an increase of 1.9 kg. The increase in the testosterone-plus-exercise group was substantially greater (averaging 6.1 kg). The percentage of body fat did not change significantly in any group (data not shown).

Muscle Size
The mean cross-sectional areas of the arm and leg muscles did not change significantly in the placebo groups, whether the men had exercise or not (Table 4 and Figure 1). The men in the testosterone groups had significant increases in the cross-sectional areas of the triceps and the quadriceps (Table 4); the group assigned to testosterone without exercise had a significantly greater increase in the cross-sectional area of the quadriceps than the placebo-alone group, and the testosterone-plus-exercise group had greater increases in quadriceps and triceps area than either the testosterone-alone or the placebo-plus-exercise group (P<0.05).

Muscle Strength
Muscle strength in the bench-press and the squatting exercises did not change significantly over the 10-week period in the group assigned to placebo with no exercise. The men in the testosterone-alone and placebo-plus-exercise groups had significant increases in the one-repetition maximal weights lifted in the squatting exercises, averaging 19 percent and 21 percent, respectively (Table 4 and Figure 1). Similarly, mean bench-press strength increased in these two groups by 10 percent and 11 percent, respectively. In the testosterone-plus-exercise group, the increase in muscle strength in the squatting exercise (38 percent) was greater than that in any other group, as was the increase in bench-press strength (22 percent).

Mood and Behavior
No differences were found between the exercise groups and the no-exercise groups or between the placebo groups and the testosterone groups in any of the five subcategories of anger assessed by the Multidimensional Anger Inventory. No significant changes in mood or behavior were reported by the men on the Mood Inventory or by their live-in partners, spouses, or parents on the Observer Mood Inventory.

DISCUSSION

Our results show that supraphysiologic doses of testosterone, especially when combined with strength training, increase fat-free mass, muscle size, and strength in normal men when potentially confounding variables, such as nutritional intake and exercise stimulus, are standardized. The combination of strength training and testosterone produced greater increases in muscle size and strength than were achieved with either intervention alone. The combined regimen of testosterone and exercise led to an increase of 6.1 kg in fat-free mass over the course of 10 weeks; this increase entirely accounted for the changes in body weight.

The exercise was standardized in all the men, and therefore the effects of testosterone on muscle size and strength cannot be attributed to more intense training in the groups receiving the treatment. Careful selection of experienced weight lifters, the exclusion of competitive athletes, and close follow-up ensured a high degree of compliance with the regimens of exercise, treatment, and diet, which was verified by three-day food records (data not shown) and the values obtained for serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone. Except for one man who missed one injection, all the men received all their scheduled injections. It has been argued that studies in which large doses of androgens are used cannot be truly blinded because of the occurrence of acne or other side effects. In this study, neither the investigators nor the personnel performing the measurements knew the study-group assignments. Three men receiving testosterone and one man receiving placebo had acneiform eruptions; these men may have assumed themselves to be receiving testosterone. Thus, it cannot be stated with certainty that the men were completely unaware of the nature of their treatments.

The doses of androgenic steroids used in previous studies were low mostly because of concern about potential toxic effects. In contrast, to our knowledge the dose of testosterone enanthate administered in this study (600 mg per week) is the highest administered in any study of athletic performance. Undoubtedly, some athletes and bodybuilders take even higher doses than those we gave. Furthermore, athletes often "stack" androgenic and anabolic steroids , taking multiple forms simultaneously. We do not know whether still higher doses of testosterone or the simultaneous administration of several steroids would have more pronounced effects. The absence of systemic toxicity during testosterone treatment was consistent with the results of studies of the contraceptive efficacy of that hormone.

The method used in this study to evaluate muscle performance on the basis of the one-repetition maximal weight lifted is dependent on effort. Although the men receiving testosterone did have increases in muscle size, some of the gains in strength may have resulted from the behavioral effects of testosterone.

The dose dependency of the action of testosterone on fat-free mass and protein synthesis has not been well studied. Forbes proposed a single dose–response curve extending from the hypogonadal to the supraphysiologic range. Others have suggested that there may be two dose–response curves: one in the hypogonadal range, with maximal responses corresponding to the serum testosterone concentrations at the lower end of the range in normal men, and the second in the supraphysiologic range, presumably representing a separate mechanism of action — that is, a pathway of independent androgen receptors.

Supraphysiologic doses of testosterone, with or without exercise, did not increase the occurrence of angry behavior by these carefully selected men in the controlled setting of this experiment. Our results, however, do not preclude the possibility that still higher doses of multiple steroids may provoke angry behavior in men with preexisting psychiatric or behavioral problems.

Our results in no way justify the use of anabolic–androgenic steroids in sports , because, with extended use, such drugs have potentially serious adverse effects on the cardiovascular system, prostate, lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. Moreover, the use of any performance-enhancing agent in sports raises serious ethical issues. Our findings do, however, raise the possibility that the short-term administration of androgens may have beneficial effects in immobilized patients, during space travel, and in patients with cancer-related cachexia, disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, or other chronic wasting disorders.

Figure. Changes from Base Line in Mean (±SE) Fat-free Mass, Triceps and Quadriceps Cross-Sectional Areas, and Muscle Strength in the Bench-Press and Squatting Exercises over the 10 Weeks of Treatment.

The P values shown are for the comparison between the change indicated and a change of zero. The asterisks indicate P<0.05 for the comparison between the change indicated and that in either no-exercise group; the daggers, P<0.05 for the comparison between the change indicated and that in the group assigned to placebo with no exercise; and the double daggers, P<0.05 for the comparison between the change indicated and the changes in all three other groups.

[BJJ]

The sacrificial practices are part of the cultural history of man from time immemorial. Each culture has developed its own system of offers, from the most harmless to those more bloody. The sacrificial ceremonies are normally celebrated in occasions of social events such as wars, the rites of passage from childhood to the adult, or at the time of celebration to a divinity, or finally to invoke an event, as for example, a good harvest. In almost all the peoples of America there were several practical ceremonies, many of which involved the offer of human life. The human sacrifice was often preceded by long ceremonies or fighting rituals that had as protagonists the best members of the community. As ritual of extreme donation that a company could pay tribute to, the sacrifice of the "life precious flower" was prerogative of the privileged classes.

THE MAYA
There are numerous archaeological testimonies of the Maya sacrificial rites. In this culture, with the emergence of elite real the top of classical period, we are witnessing the multiplication of performances of sacrifices (especially in stalks carved), whose main actors are in the first place the rulers.
At this culture the maintenance and the justification of the power passed in fact not only through a right of birth, but also and above all through the success in the war and in the practices of sacrifice. Such practices were led on various occasions as a covenant marriage, a war, a period of the calendar important for agricultural, and so on through these ceremonies the king could get in contact with the divinity, offering them the blood through the self-sacrifice. It could consist in taking the flesh off a skin or in the wounding of the genital organs.
But not only, very often other enemies caught were sacrificed, but also people chose between the same Maya. The occasions to celebrate these sacrifices were almost always public. Generally, it was attended by a large crowds and were followed by festivities during which the sovereign could redistribute to the people in the form of food and drink part of the wealth accumulated by elite managers, by maintaining in this way a social balance. The feast and the sacrifice accounted a moment essential, in collective life of the Maya. With the same spirit were celebrated sacrificial rites at the end of so-called ball games. The game, which took place in a separate field present in almost all of the city Maya, was played by two teams chosen from opposing aristocracy members and point with the sacrifice of a part of the players.

THE AZTEC
Between the peoples pre-Columbian Aztecs were the most who practiced the human sacrifices. While not being the only to provide human blood in the American continent, however this civilization came to implement, in certain occasions, almost of massacres in mass.
Famous in this respect, the sacrifice, quoted in various sources, of 20,000 prisoners of war happened in 1487 at the Templo Mayor of centuries. The sacrificial cerimonial Azteco was going on in this way: the chosen, having conducted a sort of symbolic battle against certain opponents, was carried beautifully dressed in top of the pyramid where was sacrificed on a stone. The priest, responsible for the sacrifice, was usually assisted by other minor priests who immobilized the victim rending his chest with a dagger to take out his heart. The body of the victim was generally eliminated, but at times could be slaughtered and ate.
The Aztecs believed that to secure the sun, and therefore the whole world, for the strength to be reborn every day was necessary to offer the flower most precious of a man, his blood. The Aztecs, expanding quickly their influence on a large part of the current Mexican territory, had a large number of enemies or slaves of sacrifice to nourishment of the sun. Paradoxically, at least from my point of view, the victims of the sun were honoured, and celebrated as if they were themselves the divinity and were called children of the sun.
Aztecs were also the sacrificial rites celebrated on the occasion of the cycle of maturation of corn, and the ceremony was to offer young women.
At the end of the harvest, the girl that represented the corn harvest was killed and then the priest of the sacrifice was to have the skin.

THE MOCHE
Also in Andean region human sacrifices were implemented since ancient times. There are well documented sacrifice practices in the coastal zone of Peru, especially starting from the II century after Christ. Here the Moche, that occupied the valleys north of Lima, drew up complex ritual of sacrifice that today are documented in paintings of ceramics. The sacrifices, charged by elite political-religious, could be celebrated on the occasion of the death of a character of rank, or have function propitiatory (for a good harvest, to obtain a mild climate, and so on).
For the first case, we have numerous archaeological testimonies, the desert climate of the coast has allowed a good keeping of burial of that time. During the last years, have been found important multiple burials where the deceased were buried together.
Generally, in these types of tombs people sacrificed were laid around the sarcophagus of rods that upheld the body of the Lord. In an important site Moche, called Huaca de la Cruz, has been studied a burial of a man and a child, together in the tomb with two women death by strangulation. One of these, at the time of the finding, retained the lace around the neck.
Sometimes, instead of lay together with the main figure the whole body of sacrificed, preferred lay only parts of the body, for example, the hands or the head. It seems that custom funerary was an innovation of Moche, and was handed down in a time following the Empire.
The Moche ceramic portrays often sacrifices of prisoners of war. In a famous vase an artist painted with fine lines all the stages of a human sacrifice. The study of this important ceramics has enabled us to understand in detail, how to do the sacrificial ritual. The first part of the ceremony was a liturgical combact and the purpose of the battle, which could arrive to be extremely violent, was to make a prisoner, and not to kill the alleged enemy.
These fights were probably in open spaces, near the settlements Moche. Subsequently, the ceremony of the sacrifice could continue in urban architectural spaces, or done throwing the prisoner in a deep-sea to be drown.

THE INCA
Many centuries after the Moche and the Nazca we find the human sacrifices also at the Inca. Also in this culture, the sacrifices occurred on several occasions both religious and social. The first archaeologist to study these practices at this civilization was Max Uhle already the top of the last century. The archaeologist found a large number of women sacrificed by strangulation and buried near the temple of the sun. Obviously, the girls were sacrificed to the God of the sun Inti. Occasionally, following the death of a sovereign, also at the Inca as at the Empire and the Moche first, the head was accompanied in beyond by the servants and by the wives.
Recently our knowledge on the Inca sacrificial practices is clearly grown, thanks to the discovery of sacrificial victims perfectly preserved in various points in the Andean Cordillera. Here, the burial of the bodies in permafrost (soil permanently frozen ground) has allowed to perform autopsies and study, in addition to bodies, even the suits, the skin and hair of these victims. The discovery more recently has been that carried out in 1999, to more than six thousands metres of altitude in an area North West of Argentina. The frost has kept the bodies intact of three children sacrificed to the gods of the mountains.
The children had to be between 8 and 15 years of age. They were probably evicted with a distillate retrieved from coca leaves, served both to make them face the laborious climb towards the top of the volcano and alleviate their fears. But chewing coca, in addition to have a therapeutic effect against the ill in the mountains, was a key component in the religious ritual. Once evicted with coca, and after a drink plenty of chicha (an alcoholic beverage obtained by the fermentation of corn, very used in religious ceremonies), the children were thrown still live in holes of 2 metres deep, together with a rich set of statuettes in precious metals, ceramics and fabrics. The discovery of the children of llullaillaco is in fact been made possible through the discovery in surface of a Statuette of the blade.

[BJJ]

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgVhf9jqQSQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VELsm...eature=related

Un milione d'anni fà o forse due, c'era chi parlava al vento ed alle stelle, era Ryu un ragazzo che nel cuore aveva, favole favole per chi le saprà sognare...
Fantasie lontane di un mondo antico, la poesia che torna dopo il passato, storie che noi viviamo che viviamo tutti con Ryu...

[BJJ]

The greater danger for most of us is not that we aim to high and we miss it, but that we aim too low and we reach it. - Michelangelo Buonarroti -

When I was young I used to think that money was the most important thing in life; now that I am old, I know it is. - Oscar Wilde -

When you do not have any money the problem is food; when you have money it is sex; when you have both it is health; and when everything is simply great then you are frightened of death. - J. P. Donleavy -

Whenever anyone says, "theoretically", they really mean, "not really". - Parnas -

Wise men learn by other men's mistakes; fools, by their own. - Plautus -

Women need a reason to have sex. Men just need a place. - Billy Crystal -

You can fool some of the people all of the time, and all of the people some of the time, but you cannot fool all of the people all the time. - Lincoln -

You do not know your friend until you have quarrelled with him. - Thomas McKeown -

The knack of flying is learning how to throw yourself at the ground and miss. - Douglas Adams -

The last thing one discovers in writing a book is what to put first. - Blaise Pascal -

The surest sign that intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe is that it has never tried to contact us. - Calvin and Hobbes (Bill Watterson) -

These are my principles. If you don't like them, I have others. - Groucho Marx -

There are no uninteresting things, there are only uninterested people. - G. K. Chesterton -

There is no place like home. - Dufferin -

There is nothing permanent except change. - Heraclitus -

Time's fun when you're having flies. - Kermit the Frog -

We are going to have peace even if we have to fight for it. - Dwight D. Eisenhower -

When a man tells you he got rich through hard work, ask him "Whose?" - Don Marquis -

Religion is certainty without proofs. - Amiel -

Research is what I'm doing when I don't know what I'm doing. - von Braun -

Rome was not built in a day. - Cervantes -

Science is always wrong. It never solves a problem without creating ten more. - George Bernard Shaw -

See, the problem is that God gives men a brain and a penis, and only enough blood to run one at a time. - Robin Williams -

Selling the solution is often more difficult than solving the problem. - Herbert E. Salzer -

Sometimes the best way to convince someone he is wrong is to let him have his way. - Red O'Donnell -

Thank good. I'm still an atheist. - Louis Buñuel -

The best things in life are free. - Confucius -

The die is cast. - Julius Caesar -

The hardest thing in the world to understand is the income tax. - Einstein -

It is not an optical illusion, it just looks like one. - Phil White -

It is often easier to fight for principles than to live up to them. - Adlai Stevenson -

Life is a comedy to him who thinks, and a tragedy to him who feels. - Horace Walpole -

Math is like love; a simple idea, but it can get complicated. - R. Drabek -

My father taught me to work; he did not teach me to love it. - Abraham Lincoln -

My own business always bores me to death; I prefer other people's. - Oscar Wilde -

Never invest your money in anything that eats or needs repainting. - Billy Rose -

Never learn to do anything; if you don't learn, you'll always find someone else to do it for you. - Mark Twain -

Never make forecasts, especially about the future. - Samuel Goldwyn -

Never trust a woman who tells you her real age. A woman who would tell that would tell anything. - Oscar Wilde -

Nothing is impossible for the man who doesn't have to do it himself. - Simone Weil -

If you can walk through life with a smile, you are probably not paying attention. - Steve Allen -

If you do a job too well, you will get stuck with it. - Slous -

If you don't like the weather in New England, just wait a few minutes. - Mark Twain -

If you steal from one author, it's plagiarism; if you steal from many, it's research. - Wilson Mizner -

If you think nobody cares if you're alive, try missing a couple of car payments. - Earl Wilson -

If you want to know the value of money, try and borrow some. - Benjamin Franklin -

If you would not be forgotten as soon as you are dead, either write things worth reading or do things worth writing. - Benjamin Franklin -

I'm not afraid to die. I just don't want to be there when it happens. - Woody Allen -

Imagination is more important than knowledge. - Albert Einstein -

It is difficult to make predictions - particularly about the future. - Confucius -

I can resist everything except temptation. - Oscar Wilde -

I don't have any solution but I certainly admire the problem. - Ashleigh Brilliant -

I find television very educating. Every time somebody turns on the set, I go into the other room and read a book. - Groucho Marx -

I like work; it fascinates me; I can sit and look at it for hours. - Jerome K. Jerome -

I never forget a face, but in your case I'll make an exception. - Groucho Marx -

I never think of the future. It comes soon enough. - Albert Einstein -

I think there is a world market for maybe five computers. - Thomas Watson, chairman of IBM, 1943 -

I think therefore I am. - Descartes -

I was gratified to be able to answer promptly and I did. I said I didn't know. - Mark Twain -

I would never join any club that would have the likes of me as a member. - Karl Marx -

Experience is something you don't get until just after you need it. - Olivier -

Experience is the name everyone gives to their mistakes. - Oscar Wilde -

Figures won't lie, but liars will figure. - Gen. C. H. Grosvenor -

Friend: One who knows all about you and loves you just the same. - Elbert Hubbard -

Genius is one per cent inspiration and ninety-nine per cent perspiration. - Thomas A. Edison -

Good advice is something a man gives when he is too old to set a bad example. - La Rouchefoucauld -

He who asks is a fool for five minutes, but he who does not ask remains a fool forever. - Old Chinese saying -

He who can, does. He who cannot, teaches. - Bernard Shaw -

How can you govern a nation which has 246 kinds of cheese? - Charles de Gaulle -

Human beings are the only creatures on earth that allow their children to come back home. - Bill Cosby -

Committee: A group of men who keep minutes and waste hours. - Milton Berle -

Anyone can sympathize with the sufferings of a friend, but it requires a very fine nature to sympathize with a friend's success. - Oscar Wilde -

An idealist is a person who helps other people to be prosperous. - Henry Ford -

An expert is a man who has made all the mistakes in a very narrow field. - Niels Bohr -

Always tell the truth. That way, you don't have to remember what you said. - Mark Twain -

Airplanes are interesting toys but of no military value. - Marechal Ferdinand Foch, Professor of Strategy, Ecole Superieure de Guerre -

Acquaintance: A person whom we know well enough to borrow from, but not well enough to lend to. - Ambrose Bierce -

A waist is a terrible thing to mind. - Ziggy -

A taxi driver is a man who drives away customers. - Henry Cate -

A specialist is one who knows everything about something and nothing about everyone else. - Ambrose Bierce -

A man who fears suffering is already suffering from what he fears. - Montaigne -

A man is incomplete until he is married. After that, he is finished. - Zsa Zsa Gabor -

A man can do everything with a sword except sit on it. - Talleyrand -

A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. - Cicero -

A critic is a man who knows the way but can't drive the car. - Kenneth Tynan -

A celebrity is a person who works hard all his life to become well known, and then wears dark glasses to avoid being recognized. - Fred Allen -

A banker is a fellow who lends you his umbrella when the sun is shining and wants it back the minute it begins to rain. - Mark Twain -

[D7M]

The greater danger for most of us is not that we aim to high and we miss it, but that we aim too low and we reach it. - Michelangelo Buonarroti -

When I was young I used to think that money was the most important thing in life; now that I am old, I know it is. - Oscar Wilde -

When you do not have any money the problem is food; when you have money it is sex; when you have both it is health; and when everything is simply great then you are frightened of death. - J. P. Donleavy -

Whenever anyone says, "theoretically", they really mean, "not really". - Parnas -

Wise men learn by other men's mistakes; fools, by their own. - Plautus -

Women need a reason to have sex. Men just need a place. - Billy Crystal -

You can fool some of the people all of the time, and all of the people some of the time, but you cannot fool all of the people all the time. - Lincoln -

You do not know your friend until you have quarrelled with him. - Thomas McKeown -

The knack of flying is learning how to throw yourself at the ground and miss. - Douglas Adams -

The last thing one discovers in writing a book is what to put first. - Blaise Pascal -

The surest sign that intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe is that it has never tried to contact us. - Calvin and Hobbes (Bill Watterson) -

These are my principles. If you don't like them, I have others. - Groucho Marx -

There are no uninteresting things, there are only uninterested people. - G. K. Chesterton -

There is no place like home. - Dufferin -

There is nothing permanent except change. - Heraclitus -

Time's fun when you're having flies. - Kermit the Frog -

We are going to have peace even if we have to fight for it. - Dwight D. Eisenhower -

When a man tells you he got rich through hard work, ask him "Whose?" - Don Marquis -

Religion is certainty without proofs. - Amiel -

Research is what I'm doing when I don't know what I'm doing. - von Braun -

Rome was not built in a day. - Cervantes -

Science is always wrong. It never solves a problem without creating ten more. - George Bernard Shaw -

See, the problem is that God gives men a brain and a penis, and only enough blood to run one at a time. - Robin Williams -

Selling the solution is often more difficult than solving the problem. - Herbert E. Salzer -

Sometimes the best way to convince someone he is wrong is to let him have his way. - Red O'Donnell -

Thank good. I'm still an atheist. - Louis Buñuel -

The best things in life are free. - Confucius -

The die is cast. - Julius Caesar -

The hardest thing in the world to understand is the income tax. - Einstein -

It is not an optical illusion, it just looks like one. - Phil White -

It is often easier to fight for principles than to live up to them. - Adlai Stevenson -

Life is a comedy to him who thinks, and a tragedy to him who feels. - Horace Walpole -

Math is like love; a simple idea, but it can get complicated. - R. Drabek -

My father taught me to work; he did not teach me to love it. - Abraham Lincoln -

My own business always bores me to death; I prefer other people's. - Oscar Wilde -

Never invest your money in anything that eats or needs repainting. - Billy Rose -

Never learn to do anything; if you don't learn, you'll always find someone else to do it for you. - Mark Twain -

Never make forecasts, especially about the future. - Samuel Goldwyn -

Never trust a woman who tells you her real age. A woman who would tell that would tell anything. - Oscar Wilde -

Nothing is impossible for the man who doesn't have to do it himself. - Simone Weil -

If you can walk through life with a smile, you are probably not paying attention. - Steve Allen -

If you do a job too well, you will get stuck with it. - Slous -

If you don't like the weather in New England, just wait a few minutes. - Mark Twain -

If you steal from one author, it's plagiarism; if you steal from many, it's research. - Wilson Mizner -

If you think nobody cares if you're alive, try missing a couple of car payments. - Earl Wilson -

If you want to know the value of money, try and borrow some. - Benjamin Franklin -

If you would not be forgotten as soon as you are dead, either write things worth reading or do things worth writing. - Benjamin Franklin -

I'm not afraid to die. I just don't want to be there when it happens. - Woody Allen -

Imagination is more important than knowledge. - Albert Einstein -

It is difficult to make predictions - particularly about the future. - Confucius -

I can resist everything except temptation. - Oscar Wilde -

I don't have any solution but I certainly admire the problem. - Ashleigh Brilliant -

I find television very educating. Every time somebody turns on the set, I go into the other room and read a book. - Groucho Marx -

I like work; it fascinates me; I can sit and look at it for hours. - Jerome K. Jerome -

I never forget a face, but in your case I'll make an exception. - Karl Marx -

^I'm pretty sure that was Groucho Marx.

I never think of the future. It comes soon enough. - Albert Einstein -

I think there is a world market for maybe five computers. - Thomas Watson, chairman of IBM, 1943 -

I think therefore I am. - Descartes -

I was gratified to be able to answer promptly and I did. I said I didn't know. - Mark Twain -

I would never join any club that would have the likes of me as a member. - Karl Marx -

Experience is something you don't get until just after you need it. - Olivier -

Experience is the name everyone gives to their mistakes. - Oscar Wilde -

Figures won't lie, but liars will figure. - Gen. C. H. Grosvenor -

Friend: One who knows all about you and loves you just the same. - Elbert Hubbard -

Genius is one per cent inspiration and ninety-nine per cent perspiration. - Thomas A. Edison -

Good advice is something a man gives when he is too old to set a bad example. - La Rouchefoucauld -

He who asks is a fool for five minutes, but he who does not ask remains a fool forever. - Old Chinese saying -

He who can, does. He who cannot, teaches. - Bernard Shaw -

How can you govern a nation which has 246 kinds of cheese? - Charles de Gaulle -

Human beings are the only creatures on earth that allow their children to come back home. - Bill Cosby -

Committee: A group of men who keep minutes and waste hours. - Milton Berle -

Anyone can sympathize with the sufferings of a friend, but it requires a very fine nature to sympathize with a friend's success. - Oscar Wilde -

An idealist is a person who helps other people to be prosperous. - Henry Ford -

An expert is a man who has made all the mistakes in a very narrow field. - Niels Bohr -

Always tell the truth. That way, you don't have to remember what you said. - Mark Twain -

Airplanes are interesting toys but of no military value. - Marechal Ferdinand Foch, Professor of Strategy, Ecole Superieure de Guerre -

Acquaintance: A person whom we know well enough to borrow from, but not well enough to lend to. - Ambrose Bierce -

A waist is a terrible thing to mind. - Ziggy -

A taxi driver is a man who drives away customers. - Henry Cate -

A specialist is one who knows everything about something and nothing about everyone else. - Ambrose Bierce -

A man who fears suffering is already suffering from what he fears. - Montaigne -

A man is incomplete until he is married. After that, he is finished. - Zsa Zsa Gabor -

A man can do everything with a sword except sit on it. - Talleyrand -

A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. - Cicero -

A critic is a man who knows the way but can't drive the car. - Kenneth Tynan -

A celebrity is a person who works hard all his life to become well known, and then wears dark glasses to avoid being recognized. - Fred Allen -

A banker is a fellow who lends you his umbrella when the sun is shining and wants it back the minute it begins to rain. - Mark Twain -

......

[BJJ]

I shall check it out.

[BJJ]

......

You were correct, just updated.
Thank you

[BJJ]

Characteristics
Pharmaceutical Name: 1-androstenediol
Chemical Name: 3b,17b-dihydroxy-5a-androst-1-ene
Empirical Formula: C19H30O2
Anabolic /Androgenic Ratio: 700/200 (1-Testosterone )
Half Life: 2 - 4 Hours
Average Dose: Daily dosages for oral 1-AD can vary from 100mg to 1000mg. Dosages should be divided into smaller sub doses taken 2-4 times daily.
Trade Names: 1-AD

Description
This naturally occurring prohormone was discovered in the 1940’s, but it only became popular after anabolic steroids were banned in the 1990’s.
1-AD is an orally active prohormone that is converted to 1-Testosterone by the liver. Its conversion rate is the highest of all the prohormones; some estimate a conversion rate of about 30%.
1-Testosterone or dihydroboldenone is a 5-alpha reduced version of boldenone that cannot aromatize to estrogen either directly or through any of its metabolic products. However, 1-Testosterone, being a 5-alpha reduced steroid , is highly androgenic; it is very similar to dihydrotestosterone (DHT).

Side Effects
Many side effects associated with excessive levels of DHT, including male pattern baldness, testicular shrinkage, benign prostate hypertrophy and acne can occur with 1-AD usage. Side effects such as gynecomastia or water retention are not possible with this compound, since there is no estrogen conversion. This makes it very useful for cutting cycles. Liver damage is unlikely for short cycles, but care must be taken for longer cycles.

[BJJ]

Characteristics
Pharmaceutical Name: Bolasterone or Dimethyltestosterone
Chemical Name: 7-ALPHA, 17-ALPHA-DIMETHYLTESTOSTERONE
Empirical Formula: C21H3202
Anabolic /Androgenic Ratio: 300/575
Half Life: 6 Hours
Average Dose: 50-100mgs

Description
Basically, what we have here is DiMethyltestosterone or Methyltestosterone with an added methyl group (hence “dimethyl”) at the C7 position. I think any further comparison to Methyltestosterone (except perhaps with regards to hepatoxicity) wouldn’t really be warranted.
It needs to be noted that this drug is 3x as androgenic as testosterone and almost 6x as anabolic. This makes it one of the most powerful oral anabolic steroids ever made.
Since, no underground labs seem to know where to get this drug from, and nobody seems to has ever used it, it stands we can look at this drug on paper and speculate that it would be a very useful anabolic compound.

This is how Bolasterone is metabolized:

[BJJ]

Characteristics
Pharmaceutical Name: Boldenone
Chemical Name: 1,4-androstadiene-3-one,17b-ol
Empirical Formula: C19H26O2
Anabolic /Androgenic Ratio: 100/50
Half Life: 15 Days
Average Dose: 200-600mgs/week

Description
This particular compound was actually created while attempting to make a product which would be a long acting injectable D-bol (methandrostenolone ). What was actually created was a product that acts nothing like D-bol in the real world, despite its similarity to it chemically. Think of Equipoise , chemically at least, as being Dianabol without the 17-alpha-methyl group (that’s the thing which makes D-bol able to be ingested orally and not be destroyed by your liver).
To make Equipoise, a double bond was added between carbon atoms 1 and 2 of the Steran Nucleus of Testosterone . Since Eq was created by one simple modification in the testosterone molecule, you could rightly suspect that it shares many similarities with it. Eq is just as anabolic as testosterone (as you can tell by its anabolic rating above) but is only half as androgenic.
It’s not very common to compare Eq to testosterone; however, a far more common comparison is between Eq and Deca .
Unfortunately, the myth that Eq’s action is similar to Deca’s has persisted for nearly 2 decades. This is most evident on Internet message boards today, where many will advise against including both of them in a cycle because “they act the same way.”
The 1-2 double bonds that Eq has are responsible for many of its characteristics. First of all, it acts to slow aromatization (conversion into estrogen). The best estimate is that it does so at roughly half the rate of testosterone.
Athletes almost never report estrogenic side effects with Eq, even when the dose is up to one gram per week. Side effects caused by estrogen include oily skin, acne and gynecomastia .
Virilization (development of male sexual characteristics in women) is almost never seen with this compound when reasonable doses are used by female athletes. This is one of the few injectable compounds that could be successfully be used by female athletes and bodybuilders and isn’t often faked. That double bond is also responsible for Eq’s resistance for being changed by the 5-5-Alpha-reductase enzyme. This enzyme converts a small amount of boldenone into dihydroboldenone, which is a very potent androgen (7 xs as anabolic as testosterone).
As I said though, such a small amount of it is converted that it’s really of no concern to most athletes taking Eq. This factor, plus its low aromatisation rate, means that athletes don't need to consider using ancillaries with Eq.
Athletes taking Eq often report a slow and constant buildup of quality muscle. One would speculate that this slow buildup of muscle is due to the very long ester attached to the boldenone; undeclynate is a longer ester than the decanoate ester by one carbon. Thus, we could expect the accumulation of muscle from Eq to actually occur at a slightly slower rate than that found with Deca (nandrolone decanoate).
This leads to advise that if you are considering the use of Eq, you should consider using it for no less than 12 weeks. Eq, like Deca, is also detectable in your system for a long time (although its detection time is substantially less than Deca’s).
Strangely, shorter estered versions of boldenone are available as well. Anecdotally, many people (and manufacturers) claim that this produces less water retention, but water retention from Eq is virtually unheard of.
The ideal dose of Eq seems to be at 600mgs/week. Most people's experience with Eq seemed to think that using over 600mgs/week produced no additional results, but the jump from 400mgs/week to 600mgs/week produced noticeable additional gains, and thus was warranted.
One of the most pronounced effects in Eq is its ability to raise your RBCs (red blood cells). This is very typical of anabolics; however, Eq appears to do it with a slightly greater degree than most. One of the other effects most Eq users report is an increased appetite. Because of its ability to increase appetite, many will include Eq in a mass cycle, and it’s for the quality of muscle gained on it that many will include it in a cutting cycle.
It’s probably the most versatile injectable compound next to testosterone. People even use a low dosed version of Eq to blend with irritating injectable drugs such as testosterone suspension or propionate . It's not that Eq is especially good to cut other steroids with. It was the low dose and cost of ganabol that made it ideal to cut with when sterile oil wasn't available or desirable. This low dosed version was also very popular with women who were comfortable shooting 1cc of this stuff every few days or every week.
Eq will cause a suppression of your hormones, such as endogenous testosterone, so it is recommended using injectable testosterone in any cycle containing it. Failure to do so could result in possible sexual dysfunction and other sides.

This is how Bolasterone is metabolized:

[BJJ]

Anatomical factors are very important when talking about strength, considering the strength of the muscolar contractions which is different among human beings, especially among users natural and unnatural.
Such increase of vigour above all is due to a hypertrophy of the muscle, particularly of its crossbeam section (4-10 kg/Sq.cm, so 1,8-4,5 lbs/Sq.feet), even though from recent studies it seems that such increase of the muscular mass is not due only to a hypertrophy of the miofibrille, but also to a hyperplasia (increase of the cells).
Another importanti topic not to forget is the tendinous insertion, which we divide in proximal and distal respectively those that attach itself on the most static bony part and those that attach itself on the most flexible and motile bony part. The last mentioned ones can present some genetic differences between a subject and another, and this is an important factor in the expression of the strength or its potential ductility in a work-out.
To equality of lifted load, increasing the distance between the distal insertion and the fulcrum, one will need less strenght to lift the same load. So to equality of crossbeam section it will be stronger a muscle that presents the distal insertion more distant from the fulcrum lever.
Least but not last we have to talk about fibers percentage. Our muscles are constituted from two muscular types of fibers: the pale fibers (2a-2b) and the red fibers (type 1). This structural characterization is genetic predetermination and it seems not possible to be changed. The 2b are characterized from strong and swift contractions and are little resisting to the work prolonged in time; the fibers 1 are characterized from weaker and slow contractions but they are excellent resistant in a prolonged period of time. At last exist the intermediate fibers 2a which are a mix between the 2b and the 1. They seem to be the modifiable part of the fibers; trainings aimed on the force or speed seem to adapt these intermediate fibers to a very like function to that of the fibers 2b, vice versa trainings aimed on the resistance favor the adaptation in direction of those red of type 1. So, the muscular contraction strength is proportional to the percentage of fibers present 2b in the skeletal muscle.
Furthermore, we should not forget the important role of the nervous factors with intramuscular and intermuscular coordination plus the sensitivity of the Golgi organs (receptors located between muscle and tendon).
The discussion could continue on the principles of the training load, concept of load, individualization of load, alternation of load and progressiveness of load, but those are secondary factors.

[BJJ]

Characteristics
Pharmaceutical Name: Clostebol Acetate
Chemical Name: 4-chloro-androst-4-en-3-one, 17b-ol
Empirical Formula: C21H29ClO3
Anabolic /Androgenic Ratio: 46/25
Half Life: (injectable) 2 - 3 Days, (oral) 4 - 6 Hours
Average Dose: (injectable) 100mgs/day, (oral) 100-200mgs/day

Description
Clostebol is basically testosterone with an added 4-chloro group in the A-ring. It means that it cannot properly interact with the 5-Alpha-Reductase enzyme to be 5-alpha reduced to dihydrotestosterone. Thus, hair loss and acne caused by DHT is not possible. Aromatization is also not possible, so estrogenic side effects aren’t likely either.
On paper this looks great and it basically has a similar anabolic androgenic ratio to other steroids like Masteron . But since it isn’t DHT-derived like Masteron is, it’s probably not going to have some of the cool precontest physique hardening properties of Masteron and other similar compounds. Clostebol is just a pretty weak testosterone derived steroid . The short ester found on this stuff will mean that you have to basically load up on this stuff at least every other day. Women may be able to get by with a bit less, possibly 1.5 mls every other day.

This is how Clostebol is metabolized:

[MuscleScience]

Maybe you could post links or sources to where your getting this information so others can go and read further.

[BJJ]

Maybe you could post links or sources to where your getting this information so others can go and read further.

Sure:
http://www.anabolicsteroids.co.za/

[BJJ]

Toremifene is a novel SERM - Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (anti estrogen) that is supposedly more powerful than Nolvadex and may have less side effects than other anti estrogens. It also lowers bad cholesterol (LDL) and increase good cholesterol (HDL).

Primarily used to treat breast cancer in post-menopausal women, it has a great a potential to be used in men as well for various medical conditions.
Since Toremifene has been in market but much less time than Tamoxifen it has fewer medical studies. However due to similarities in action with other SERMs like Nolvadex though being more potent it has probably even greater potential to treat the same conditions doctors use Nolvadex to treat.

These are extracts from research and studies conducted by various groups and published in various places. These extracts are for informational purposes only. They should not serve as a medical advice and do not suggest any self-medicating.
This research suggests Toremifene as an alternative to Nolvadex. The Toremifene group had a greater response than the Tamoxifen group did. It also demonstrates the Toremifene group had lower incidence of undesirable effects.
Phase III randomized trial of toremifene vs tamoxifen in hormonodependant advanced breast cancer.

EXTRACT
Efficacy and safety of toremifene (TOR) 60 mgs/dayly/o.r. was compared with tamoxifen (TAM) 40 mgs/dayly/o.r. in a group of postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer, without previous systemic therapy for advanced breast cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was a prospective double-blind randomized trial. All treated patients presented with positive estrogen receptors. Main end points were response rates, toxicity profile analysis, time to progression and survival. WHO and ECOG criteria were employed for response evaluation while toxicity was assesed according to WHO guidelines. Curves were constructed by means of Kaplan-Meier methodology and were compared by means of log-rank test. RESULTS: From January 1996 to January 1999 a total of 217 patients were included in the study (106 in the TOR branch and 111 in the TAM arm). Both groups of patients were homogeneous regarding the main prognostic factors. A response rate of 64% (68/106) was observed in the TOR group as compared with a 52% (58/111) in the TAM group. Median times to progression and overall survival were not significantly different. A lower incidence of undesirable effects was apreciated in the TOR arm. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that TOREMIFENE (FARESTON) is an efficient and well-tolerated agent for the therapy of postmenopausal women with hormonal positive receptors advanced breast cancer, and must be considered an alternative to TAMOXIFEN (NOLVADEX) as first line therapy for ER+ advanced breast cancer patients and as well as an adjuvant treatment.

Toremifene (Fareston) lowered LDL (bad Cholesterol) and increased HDL (good cholesterol) when given to men receiving androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer.
Study published in Journal of Clinical Oncology, April 2008
Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center

EXTRACT
We evaluated the effects of toremifene, a selective estrogen-receptor modulator, on fasting serum lipid levels in men receiving ADT for prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In an ongoing, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III fracture-prevention study, 1,389 men receiving ADT for prostate cancer were randomly assigned to receive toremifene (80 mg/d) or placebo. In this interim analysis of 188 patients, changes in fasting serum lipids from baseline to month 12 were compared between the placebo and toremifene groups. RESULTS: Changes in serum lipids differed significantly between the groups. Mean (+/- SE) total cholesterol decreased by 1.0% +/- 1.7% from baseline to month 12 in the placebo group and decreased by 8.1% +/- 1.4% in the toremifene group (P = .001 for between group comparison). Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol increased by 0.8% +/- 2.5% in the placebo group and decreased by 8.2% +/- 2.5% in the toremifene group (P = .003). In contrast, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol decreased by 4.9% +/- 1.2% in the placebo group and increased by 0.5% +/- 2.2% in the toremifene group (P = .018). Triglycerides increased by 6.9% +/- 4.2% in the placebo group and decreased by 13.2% +/- 3.6% in the toremifene group (P = .003). CONCLUSION: Toremifene significantly decreased total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, and increased HDL cholesterol in men receiving ADT for prostate cancer.

Toremifene increases Testosterone , FSH, sperm count and quality in men with fertility problems.
Study published in Fertil Steril, October 2007
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.

EXTRACT
To evaluate whether toremifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), has a beneficiary effect on all three main sperm parameters. DESIGN: Prospective interventional clinical study. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENT(S): One-hundred subfertile men with idiopathic oligozospermia. INTERVENTION(S): Toremifene (60 mg daily) was administered to all men for 3 months. At baseline and at the end of each month, serum concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, inhibin B, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were measured. At baseline and at the end, semen analysis was performed and sperm concentration, spermatozoal motility and normal sperm forms were determined. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Gonadotropin, testosterone, inhibin-B levels, total sperm count, sperm morphology and motility. RESULT(S): Toremifene administration resulted in a significant increase in FSH, testosterone, SHBG, and inhibin B levels, as well as in sperm concentration, percentage motility and normal sperm forms. Twenty-two men's partners achieved pregnancy within 2 months of the end of treatment. At the end of the third month, serum FSH levels were significantly higher in the men whose partners did not achieve pregnancy, and total sperm count and normal sperm forms were significantly lower compared with the group of men whose partners achieved pregnancy. CONCLUSION(S): Toremifene administration for a period of 3 months in men with idiopathic oligozoospermia is associated with significant improvements of sperm count, motility, and morphology, mediated by increased gonadotropin secretion and possibly a direct beneficial effect of toremifene on the testes. The above findings are also indicative of a better testicular exocrine (improved sperm parameters) response to treatment in men whose partners achieved pregnancy compared with those who did not. Further randomized, placebo-controlled trials should be conducted to determine whether this particular selective estrogen receptor modulator can be useful as an initial approach in men with oligozoospermia.

Toremifene (Fareston) increases bone mineral density in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer.
Study published in Journal of Urology, January 2008
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston

EXTRACT
We evaluated the effects of toremifene on bone mineral density, a surrogate for fracture risk, in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In an ongoing, multicenter, phase 3 fracture prevention study 1,392 men 50 years or older with prostate cancer receiving androgen deprivation therapy were randomized to 80 mg toremifene per day or placebo. Bone mineral density of the lumbar spine, total hip and femoral neck was assessed using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. In this planned interim analysis of the first 197 subjects we compared bone mineral density changes from baseline to month 12 between the placebo and toremifene groups. RESULTS: Compared with the placebo group men in the toremifene group had significant increases in bone mineral density at each evaluated skeletal site. Lumbar spine bone mineral density decreased 0.7% in the placebo group and increased 1.6% in the toremifene group (between group comparison p <0.001). Total hip bone mineral density decreased 1.3% in the placebo group and increased 0.7% in the toremifene group (p = 0.001). Femoral neck bone mineral density decreased 1.3% in the placebo group and increased 0.2% in the toremifene group (p = 0.009). Between group differences in the change in bone mineral density from baseline to month 12 were 2.3%, 2.0% and 1.5% for the lumbar spine, total hip and femoral neck, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Toremifene significantly increased hip and spine bone mineral density in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. The effect of toremifene on the fracture risk is being assessed in the ongoing randomized, controlled trial.

Toremifene helps in prevention of prostate cancer in men with high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
Study published in Journal of Urology, September 2006

EXTRACT
A randomized, double-blind, dose finding, placebo controlled, parallel group clinical study was done to determine the incidence of prostate cancer in men with high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia treated with toremifene. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 514 patients with high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and no evidence of prostate cancer on screening biopsy were randomized to 20, 40 or 60 mg toremifene, or placebo daily for 12 months. Patients underwent re-biopsy at 6 and 12 months. RESULTS: The number of evaluable patients, that is those with 1 on study biopsy who were compliant, was 447. The cumulative risk of prostate cancer was decreased in patients on 20 mg toremifene compared with placebo (24.4% vs 31.2%, p <0.05). The annualized rate of prevention was 6.8 cancers per 100 men treated. In patients with no biopsy evidence of cancer at baseline and 6 months, the 12-month incidence of prostate cancer was decreased by 48.2% with 20 mg toremifene compared with placebo (9.1% vs 17.4%, p <0.05). The 20 mg dose was most effective but cumulative and 12-month incidences of prostate cancer were lower for each toremifene dose vs placebo with a cumulative risk of 29.2% and 28.1%, and a 12-month incidence of 14.3% and 13.0% for 40 and 60 mg, respectively. Gleason scores were similar across treatments. The overall incidence of drug related and serious adverse events did not differ between any of the toremifene groups and the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Toremifene decreased the incidence of prostate cancer by 1 year and had a tolerability profile comparable to that of placebo in a high risk population.

[BJJ]

In 2010 in the USA will expire many commercial loans and not all the debts will be fulfilled. The real estate funds holds but, warn analysts, is preparing for the difficult 2010. The MSCI index of the sector in the last month (until 16 December and calculated in Euro) has earned the 2,7%, bringing to +20,5% the performance year to date.
The confidence that between high and low you breathe on the markets is doing well, even to brick red, explains a note. The problems, however, are not yet finished and, the next year, US's citizens will make the accounts. Also this time, the difficulties will start by the United States. About 1.500 billion dollars in loans for the American trade construction, in fact, in 2010 will go on deadline. But many subscribers have already been informed that they will not be able to honour the commitments. For this they are trying with great difficulty of refinance the debt and hope for a government intervention (similar to that implemented to save the banks) to resolve the situation.
The US Administration and in particular Treasure and Federal Reserve have however intimated that not intend to speak again on the market. A solution for many property companies could be to listing on the stock exchange and pocket the money from the IPO. A similar situation is already having regard to the top of the 1990s, when the prices of brick are collapsed.
As regards the field of housing, according to the latest data issued by the Department of Trade, of the construction of new houses has November is grown by 8,9%, compared with the same month last year. Problems may also register in real estate Parliament. To activate the siren is been an influential character of the Bank of England which was the surprise by rebound housing prices in recent months.
According to the data of the consulting firm rightmove, the value of the buildings from January grew by 4%. However, the situation on the front of the work the next year could deteriorate again. This will lead to a stagnation of prices. The same may happen in the rest of the Old Continent, given that, usually, the trend of brick in the UK anticipates.
In Asia, eyes must be taken above China which, from the point of real estate view, in the last quarter was one of the worst regions at global level. The situation is complicated by the intention of the government to reintroduce the tax on resale of houses made within five years of the purchase. Previously, the limit was lowered to two years. The operators, however, are optimistic since the market has digested the risk of an intervention of policy in the field of homes. In general the real estate sector will enjoy good health, thanks to economic growth of the country that will inspire more people to invest in brick.

[jbm]

My eyes are hurting!

nice thread!

[BJJ]

Il glutatione (l-glutatione o gamma-glutamilcisteinilglicina) è il più potente ed importante fra gli antiossidanti prodotti dall’organismo. Ci sono oltre 25 mila studi medici pubblicati.
Combatte l’invecchiamento attraverso 2 vie principali: l’intestino ed il sistema circolatorio.
Protegge le cellule, i tessuti e gli organi del corpo riuscendo a mantenerlo giovane.
Il tripeptide (combinazione di tre aminoacidi) glutatione è quasi "sconosciuto" alla medicina ufficiale, per lo meno non viene utilizzato per le sue eccezionali proprietà. Diverse le documentazioni inviate in visione alle commissioni mediche e ministeriali per prendere atto dell'importanza di utilizzare il glutatione nel trattamento di diverse malattie.
Il glutatione è una combinazione dei tre aminoacidi (tripeptide) cisteina, acido glutammico e glicina.
E' un potente antiossidante, cioè un disattivatore di radicali liberi con una spiccata azione anti-invecchiamento.
Il glutatione insieme con il selenio, forma l'enzima glutatione perossidasi che ha sempre una funzione antiossidante, ma a livello intracellulare.
Il glutatione ha inoltre una grande capacità disintossicante: grazie alla sua facoltà di chelare (chelaggio = capacità di un elemento di legarsi ad un'altro) i metalli pesanti e tossici quali piombo, cadmio, mercurio ed alluminio, li trasporta via eliminandoli dal corpo.
In alcuni studi fatti sugli animali è stata dimostrata un'azione antitumorale del l-glutatione.
Il glutatione aiuta il fegato a disintossicarsi ed a prevenire possibili danni causati dall'eccessivo consumo di alcool.
E' più efficace della vitamina C nel migliorare l'utilizzo e la biodisponibilità del ferro, neutralizzando gli effetti tossici di alcuni agenti esogeni come i nitriti, nitrati, clorati, derivati del benzolo, derivati del toluolo, anilina etc.
Questi elementi danneggiano l'organismo con un meccanismo insidioso: producono un'ossidazione del ferro trasformandolo dalla sua naturale forma ferrica (Fe3+) nella forma ferrosa (Fe2+) rendendo così il sangue incapace di trasportare l'ossigeno, causando inoltre un'aumento della metaemoglobina (dal 1/2% fino ad un livello a volte mortale del 20/30%). Il processo di compromissione dell'emoglobina porta ad una sindrome ipossica che causa la morte di tutte le cellule per asfissia, compresi i linfociti T4 (vedi sindromi da immuno deficenza, AIDS, ect.).
Inoltre, il glutatione migliora l'utilizzo degli aminoacidi cisteina e cistina, ed infine inibisce in tutto o in parte i dannosi effetti collaterali dovuti ad un'esposizione ad alte dosi di radiazioni, chemioterapia e raggi X.
Elimina i radicali liberi che si formano dalla perossidazione dei lipidi che, causando la rottura di certe membrane, hanno un impatto negativo su DNA ed RNA e di conseguenza determinano distorsioni cellulari e disfunzioni biochimiche.
Il glutatione impedisce inoltre che i radicali liberi si leghino alle proteine fibrose del corpo, evitando così l'indurimento e il restringimento del collagene (e quindi rughe, mancanza di elasticità nelle arterie etc.).
Per questo motivo il glutatione mantiene sano e "giovane" il sistema circolatorio.
Quanto al sistema immunitario, il glutatione è strettamente legato all'attività fagocitica di specifiche cellule polmonari.
Protegge dagli eventuali effetti dannosi del fumo, insieme ad altri antiossidanti.
Protegge il sistema immunitario quando passano gli anni il livello del glutatione presente nel nostro organismo diminuisce. Aumentando il livello del glutatione possiamo ringiovanire il sistema immunitario.
Aiuta a bloccare la diffusione del virus dell’Aids: il glutatione ha un potere così forte che secondo diversi studiosi riesce a bloccare la diffusione del virus dell’Aids per circa 90% (American journal of clinical Nutrition).
Neutralizza i grassi pericolosi: il glutatione riesce a purificare gli alimenti che sono ricchi di pericolosi grassi ossidati. (University of Louisiana-U.S.).
Inibisce i dannosi effetti collaterali dovuti ad un’esposizione ad alte dosi di radiazione, chemioterapia e raggi X.
Agisce positivamente sul diabete. Previene la degenerazione maculare.

DOSI
25-30 milligrammi al giorno sono sufficienti per disintossicare dai grassi pericolosi presenti negli alimenti.

TOSSICITA’
Anche assumendo migliaia di milligrammi al giorno non si sono mai dimostrati effetti collaterali, o tossici.

ALIMENTI RICCHI DI GLUTATIONE
Avocado, cocomero, asparagi, pompelmo, patate, fragole, pomodori, arance, melone, carote, spinaci, pesche.
Quando cuociamo o riscaldiamo le verdure o la frutta il glutatione presenti in questi alimenti viene completamente distrutto.

La NAC o N-acetilcisteina è un precursore del Glutatione in quanto viene utilizzata dall'organismo per ricavarne Cisteina. La Glicina è un aminoacido presente in vari alimenti: è abbondante nel latte e nelle uova (246 mg glicina in un uovo di circa 60 gr.). L'integrazione di NAC è utile all'organismo per la sintesi del Glutatione.

[ranging1]

Il glutatione (l-glutatione o gamma-glutamilcisteinilglicina) è il più potente ed importante fra gli antiossidanti prodotti dall’organismo. Ci sono oltre 25 mila studi medici pubblicati.
Combatte l’invecchiamento attraverso 2 vie principali: l’intestino ed il sistema circolatorio.
Protegge le cellule, i tessuti e gli organi del corpo riuscendo a mantenerlo giovane.
Il tripeptide (combinazione di tre aminoacidi) glutatione è quasi "sconosciuto" alla medicina ufficiale, per lo meno non viene utilizzato per le sue eccezionali proprietà. Diverse le documentazioni inviate in visione alle commissioni mediche e ministeriali per prendere atto dell'importanza di utilizzare il glutatione nel trattamento di diverse malattie.
Il glutatione è una combinazione dei tre aminoacidi (tripeptide) cisteina, acido glutammico e glicina.
E' un potente antiossidante, cioè un disattivatore di radicali liberi con una spiccata azione anti-invecchiamento.
Il glutatione insieme con il selenio, forma l'enzima glutatione perossidasi che ha sempre una funzione antiossidante, ma a livello intracellulare.
Il glutatione ha inoltre una grande capacità disintossicante: grazie alla sua facoltà di chelare (chelaggio = capacità di un elemento di legarsi ad un'altro) i metalli pesanti e tossici quali piombo, cadmio, mercurio ed alluminio, li trasporta via eliminandoli dal corpo.
In alcuni studi fatti sugli animali è stata dimostrata un'azione antitumorale del l-glutatione.
Il glutatione aiuta il fegato a disintossicarsi ed a prevenire possibili danni causati dall'eccessivo consumo di alcool.
E' più efficace della vitamina C nel migliorare l'utilizzo e la biodisponibilità del ferro, neutralizzando gli effetti tossici di alcuni agenti esogeni come i nitriti, nitrati, clorati, derivati del benzolo, derivati del toluolo, anilina etc.
Questi elementi danneggiano l'organismo con un meccanismo insidioso: producono un'ossidazione del ferro trasformandolo dalla sua naturale forma ferrica (Fe3+) nella forma ferrosa (Fe2+) rendendo così il sangue incapace di trasportare l'ossigeno, causando inoltre un'aumento della metaemoglobina (dal 1/2% fino ad un livello a volte mortale del 20/30%). Il processo di compromissione dell'emoglobina porta ad una sindrome ipossica che causa la morte di tutte le cellule per asfissia, compresi i linfociti T4 (vedi sindromi da immuno deficenza, AIDS, ect.).
Inoltre, il glutatione migliora l'utilizzo degli aminoacidi cisteina e cistina, ed infine inibisce in tutto o in parte i dannosi effetti collaterali dovuti ad un'esposizione ad alte dosi di radiazioni, chemioterapia e raggi X.
Elimina i radicali liberi che si formano dalla perossidazione dei lipidi che, causando la rottura di certe membrane, hanno un impatto negativo su DNA ed RNA e di conseguenza determinano distorsioni cellulari e disfunzioni biochimiche.
Il glutatione impedisce inoltre che i radicali liberi si leghino alle proteine fibrose del corpo, evitando così l'indurimento e il restringimento del collagene (e quindi rughe, mancanza di elasticità nelle arterie etc.).
Per questo motivo il glutatione mantiene sano e "giovane" il sistema circolatorio.
Quanto al sistema immunitario, il glutatione è strettamente legato all'attività fagocitica di specifiche cellule polmonari.
Protegge dagli eventuali effetti dannosi del fumo, insieme ad altri antiossidanti.
Protegge il sistema immunitario quando passano gli anni il livello del glutatione presente nel nostro organismo diminuisce. Aumentando il livello del glutatione possiamo ringiovanire il sistema immunitario.
Aiuta a bloccare la diffusione del virus dell’Aids: il glutatione ha un potere così forte che secondo diversi studiosi riesce a bloccare la diffusione del virus dell’Aids per circa 90% (American journal of clinical Nutrition).
Neutralizza i grassi pericolosi: il glutatione riesce a purificare gli alimenti che sono ricchi di pericolosi grassi ossidati. (University of Louisiana-U.S.).
Inibisce i dannosi effetti collaterali dovuti ad un’esposizione ad alte dosi di radiazione, chemioterapia e raggi X.
Agisce positivamente sul diabete. Previene la degenerazione maculare.

DOSI
25-30 milligrammi al giorno sono sufficienti per disintossicare dai grassi pericolosi presenti negli alimenti.

TOSSICITA’
Anche assumendo migliaia di milligrammi al giorno non si sono mai dimostrati effetti collaterali, o tossici.

ALIMENTI RICCHI DI GLUTATIONE
Avocado, cocomero, asparagi, pompelmo, patate, fragole, pomodori, arance, melone, carote, spinaci, pesche.
Quando cuociamo o riscaldiamo le verdure o la frutta il glutatione presenti in questi alimenti viene completamente distrutto.

La NAC o N-acetilcisteina è un precursore del Glutatione in quanto viene utilizzata dall'organismo per ricavarne Cisteina. La Glicina è un aminoacido presente in vari alimenti: è abbondante nel latte e nelle uova (246 mg glicina in un uovo di circa 60 gr.). L'integrazione di NAC è utile all'organismo per la sintesi del Glutatione.

yessssss so can i get fries with that?

[BJJ]

The problem in itself is of a simplicity even disarming, especially for those who have an understanding of physics, enough a little. We just need to shape the free fall of a material body subject, in addition to the gravity, even to the resistance on the part of the material that surrounds the subject in question, so the air.

1&2 The material body p is dropped from a height L compared to the ground (equation of motion).
Where d = 9.8 m/s*s (the well-known acceleration of gravity) and k is a parameter called aerodynamic drag. In the case is k = 0 the solution is universally known.

3&4 A little less known is the solution to the [1] in the case in which the strength of the material (which may be a gas, a liquid or even a material in powder) is not negligible. To tackle the equation (which is of the second order and especially not linear due to the presence of the squared period) agrees reducing it to a system of two equations of the first order. The equation in unknown v is resolved in a classic way by separating the variables.

5 By integrating the [5] with the condition y(0)=L is finally obtained the solution.

6 At this point we need to specify something relatively to the constant k, which dimensionally is expressed in units 1/m. In any aerodynamic treaty you can find the formula that provides the aerodynamic drag (kg) of an object that moves in the air with speed v.
In which:
r, is the aerodynamic drag expressed in kg
ro=.125, is the density of air to share 0
sr, is the reference area in square metres
cd, is the coefficient of aerodynamic drag (typical value .2-.5]

7 From the time that in fall to constant speed the aerodynamic drag equals the weight of subject, with appropriate replacement in [6] it comes to the following value of k.

8 Since p the weight of subject in kg, assuming for simplicity sr = 1 square metre and cd = .5 (the subject is not efficient) for k it can be expected the result.

This means that for a subject with section equivalent of a square metre and heavy 30 kg is k = .01, while for a subject with the same section equivalent heavy instead 60 kg is k = .005.
Now, if we could go back in time and place ourselves on the last floor of one of the two towers [110 plans, 415 metres of height] and drop from there above three objects, the first very heavy, with very section aerodynamics, the second with one square meter section of 60 kg heavy, the third, with the same section and heavy 30 Kg; using the formulae found previously we obtain that:
the first object arrives to ground zero in 9.15 sec.
the second object arrives at ground zero in 12.75 sec.
the third subject arrives to ground zero in 15.55 sec.

- Let's see see now the movie of the collapse of the South tower. From the first moment of the collapse the last floor of the South tower has arrived to the ground in about 11 seconds. In other words just one or two seconds more than if he had been in conditions of free fall in a vacuum.

- Now the North tower. From the first moment of the collapse the last floor of the North tower has arrived at ground zero in about 15 seconds. The time of falling in this case was superior, but still comparable with the time of fall of an object in free fall hindered by the mere resistance of the air.

The official hypothesis (fall for domino effect or if you prefer effect pancake) has no meaning.
In this case, the time of fall of the towers had to be in the order of 98 seconds, not 11 or 15, but 98. The difference is certainly not negligible.

Let's see now in practical terms that things to me personally, I would like to know by supporters of the truth Journal. All the calculation now displayed served to prove without a doubt a given incontrovertible: the upper floors of the towers are precipitated experiencing the resistance of the only air. What I want to know is simple: as may have the core of steel of the towers volatilized instantly leaving the upper floors literally suspended in the air? That happens only and exclusively in controlled demolitions, when the explosives, detonating, destroy all the structures of support of the planes at the same time. In a spontaneous collapse, instead, of course they yield before the most damaged, and only after they yield also the other support facilities, which are found to have to bear excessive weight and ultimately collapse. This would have happened in particular in the case of the collapse of the South tower, which had been affected on the side, and not in the center, and it was therefore found itself with the support structures damaged in one hand and intact in the other, and is instead collapsed in perfect vertical way and in the space of just 11 seconds or so.
Fall time so short and collapse so accurate and are therefore vertical explained only admitting that there has been use of explosives in the collapse.

[BJJ]

L'organismo umano possiede un sistema di regolazione che consente di mantenere entro un certo range la glicemia, ovvero la concentrazione di glucosio disciolto nel sangue.
La costanza della glicemia è necessaria per la sopravivvenza del cervello, per tre motivi:
- il cervello, a differenza dei muscoli, non ha la capacità di immagazzinare scorte di glucosio.
- il glucosio ematico è praticamente l'unico carburante per il cervello.
- il cervello consuma una quantità costante di energia, a prescindere dalla sua attività (studiando, infatti, si consumano pochissime calorie).
In assenza di glucosio, dopo pochi minuti le cellule celebrali muoiono.
Il meccanismo di regolazione della glicemia è basato sul controllo di due ormoni antagonisti: l'insulina e il glucagone.
Nella seguente tabella sono indicati i principali effetti di questi due ormoni sul metabolismo.

Effetti dell'insulina sul metabolismo:
1. Promuove l'accumulo di glicogeno (zucchero di riserva) nel fegato e nei muscoli.
2. Deprime il consumo di grassi e proteine in favore dei carboidrati, ovvero spinge le cellule a bruciare carboidrati piuttosto che proteine e grassi.
3. Promuove la formazione di trigliceridi (grassi) a partire da carboidrati e proteine.
4. Promuove l'immagazzinamento di grassi nel tessuto adiposo.

Effetti del glucagone sul metabolismo:
1. Promuove la liberazione del glicogeno dal fegato, che viene riversato sottoforma di glucosio nel sangue.
2. Promuove il consumo di grassi e proteine a sfavore dei carboidrati, ovvero spinge le cellule a bruciare le proteine e i grassi piuttosto che i carboidrati.
3. Promuove la mobilizzazione dei grassi dai tessuti adiposi, che vengono resi disponibili ai tessuti per essere bruciati.

Grazie a questo meccanismo, possiamo introdurre il glucosio (sotto forma di carboidrati) solo poche volte al giorno, durante i pasti: a mantenere costante la sua presenza nel sangue ci pensa l'asse ormonale insulina-glucagone, che utilizza come "magazzino" per il glucosio il fegato.

Se la glicemia scende, come durante il digiuno, il pancreas secerne glucagone che ordina al fegato di prelevare glucosio dalle sue scorte e d'immetterlo nel sangue. Il glucagone, inoltre, spinge le cellule all'utilizzo di grassi e proteine come fonte energetica: in questo modo si predispone tutto l'organismo al risparmio del glucosio.

Se invece la glicemia sale, come dopo un pasto, il pancreas secerne insulina che comanda al fegato di prelevare il glucosio dal sangue e d'immagazzinarlo. Siccome la capacità del fegato d'immagazzinare glucosio è piuttosto limitata (circa 70 grammi), i carboidrati in eccesso vengono convertiti in grassi e depositati nei tessuti adiposi. L'insulina, al contrario del glucagone, spinge le cellule a utilizzare i carboidrati come fonte energetica.

Il nostro organismo si comporta pressapoco in questo modo: quando c'è abbondanza di glucosio si adopera per utilizzarne il più possibile, e quello in eccesso lo immagazzina sottoforma di grassi; quando c'è carenza cerca di conservarlo il più possibile, prelevando i grassi dalle scorte e utilizzandoli come fonte energetica.
Il meccanismo dell'insulina diventa "perverso" quando ne viene secreta troppa: in questo caso la glicemia si abbassa troppo, il cervello va in crisi e invia all'organismo gli stimoli per introdurre nuovo combustibile (FAME).
La quantità d'insulina secreta dal pancreas dipende dalla velocità con la quale s'innalza la glicemia, questa velocità dipende da due fattori: l'indice glicemico e la quantità dei carboidrati che assumiamo.

L'indice glicemico degli alimenti e la quantità di carboidrati non sono l'unico fattore che influenza la quantità d'insulina che viene secreta dal pancreas, poiché esiste una diversa reazione individuale, com'è stato dimostrato da Gerald Raven nel 1987.
Secondo i suoi studi il 25% della popolazione ha una risposta insulinica pigra.
Un altro 25% della popolazione ha una reazione insulinica eccessiva.
Il restante 50% ha un comportamento che possiamo definire "normale".
In parole povere per il 25% della popolazione il meccanismo dell'insulina diventa perverso con estrema facilità.
In generale il 75% della popolazione dovrebbe controllare l'assunzione di carboidrati, il che significa controllare sia l'indice glicemico che le quantità assunte, pena l'inevitabile tendenza al sovrappeso.

Essere in grado di controllare questo meccanismo è fondamentale, soprattutto per i soggetti "sfortunati" che ingrassano anche solo pensando a un bignè.
Questi sono i principali vantaggi che si ottengono tenendo sotto controllo la produzione di insulina:

- si prevengono disfunzioni metaboliche gravi come il diabete di tipo 2.
- si riesce a seguire una dieta ipocalorica senza avere sempre lo stimolo della fame.
- si riesce a mantenere il peso forma senza troppi sacrifici.
- si contribuisce a mantenere basso il colesterolo, poiché l'insulina è uno dei fattori che stimola la produzione endogena.

Per poter mantenere l'insulina entro livelli accettabili occorre seguire queste semplici regole:

- limitare la quantità di carboidrati giornaliera, adottando una ripartizione ottimale dei macronutrienti (carboidrati, proteine e grassi non inferiori rispettivamente al 45%, 15% e 25%).
- assumere pasti con la corretta ripartizione dei macronutrienti (evitare i pasti a base di soli carboidrati).
- non fare pasti troppo abbondanti.
- preferire fonti di carboidrati a bassa densità, ovvero frutta e verdura.

[ranging1]

In 2010 in the USA will expire many commercial loans and not all the debts will be fulfilled. The real estate funds holds but, warn analysts, is preparing for the difficult 2010. The MSCI index of the sector in the last month (until 16 December and calculated in Euro) has earned the 2,7%, bringing to +20,5% the performance year to date.
The confidence that between high and low you breathe on the markets is doing well, even to brick red, explains a note. The problems, however, are not yet finished and, the next year, US's citizens will make the accounts. Also this time, the difficulties will start by the United States. About 1.500 billion dollars in loans for the American trade construction, in fact, in 2010 will go on deadline. But many subscribers have already been informed that they will not be able to honour the commitments. For this they are trying with great difficulty of refinance the debt and hope for a government intervention (similar to that implemented to save the banks) to resolve the situation.
The US Administration and in particular Treasure and Federal Reserve have however intimated that not intend to speak again on the market. A solution for many property companies could be to listing on the stock exchange and pocket the money from the IPO. A similar situation is already having regard to the top of the 1990s, when the prices of brick are collapsed.
As regards the field of housing, according to the latest data issued by the Department of Trade, of the construction of new houses has November is grown by 8,9%, compared with the same month last year. Problems may also register in real estate Parliament. To activate the siren is been an influential character of the Bank of England which was the surprise by rebound housing prices in recent months.
According to the data of the consulting firm rightmove, the value of the buildings from January grew by 4%. However, the situation on the front of the work the next year could deteriorate again. This will lead to a stagnation of prices. The same may happen in the rest of the Old Continent, given that, usually, the trend of brick in the UK anticipates.
In Asia, eyes must be taken above China which, from the point of real estate view, in the last quarter was one of the worst regions at global level. The situation is complicated by the intention of the government to reintroduce the tax on resale of houses made within five years of the purchase. Previously, the limit was lowered to two years. The operators, however, are optimistic since the market has digested the risk of an intervention of policy in the field of homes. In general the real estate sector will enjoy good health, thanks to economic growth of the country that will inspire more people to invest in brick.

thats foolish idea trying to float property as an investment on a already vulnearble market where consumer and producer confidence is still very low

chinas economic growth isnt that prospectus atm, since their demand for MANY commodity has falen sharply, indicatating their future growth has slowed dramaticaly

where did you source that from?

since alot of assumptions are made on facts that dont support alot of those claims, i think the person who rote this is trying to talk up economic acitiviy, and isnt being realistic considering other factors that need to be taken into consideration

[BJJ]

thats foolish idea trying to float property as an investment on a already vulnearble market where consumer and producer confidence is still very low

chinas economic growth isnt that prospectus atm, since their demand for MANY commodity has falen sharply, indicatating their future growth has slowed dramaticaly that is just wrong

where did you source that from? my head

since alot of assumptions are made on facts that dont support alot of those claims this is what people are brought to think, you are the living example, i think the person who rote this is trying to talk up economic acitiviy I do not know what you mean but my intention was to write down only my thoughts, and isnt being realistic considering other factors that need to be taken into consideration I am realistic indeed

Correct, a foolish idea but that is what economy is all about.
Foolish actions perpetrated by those who have power and control over others (population).

Those are just personal consideration, since it is my field of action.

[ranging1]

Correct, a foolish idea but that is what economy is all about.
Foolish actions perpetrated by those who have power and control over others (population).

Those are just personal consideration, since it is my field of action.

chinas economic growth isnt that prospectus atm, since their demand for MANY commodity has falen sharply, indicatating their future growth has slowed dramaticaly that is just wrong

what field are u currently studying?

im curently studying economics and writing a thesis into the fall of mankind under capitalsim as my final paper

okay so its all your personal opinion from what youve studied i assume

anyways
how so? chinas demand and prices for commoditys have fallen sharply since the GFC

their inflation and GDP growth has also been growing at a ridiculous rate up until now

[BJJ]

chinas economic growth isnt that prospectus atm, since their demand for MANY commodity has falen sharply, indicatating their future growth has slowed dramaticaly that is just wrong

what field are u currently studying?

im curently studying economics and writing a thesis into the fall of mankind under capitalsim as my final paper

okay so its all your personal opinion from what youve studied i assume

anyways
how so? chinas demand and prices for commoditys have fallen sharply since the GFC

their inflation and GDP growth has also been growing at a ridiculous rate up until now

I am a mathematical and work as a sole trader.
Obviously, we get information by different sources.
Surely, I do not get mine from newspaper or newstv.
Good luck with your thesis.

[BJJ]

Do you think in life it is possible to play soccer even without wearing the proper shoes?

[BJJ]

Ask him, BJJ knows the answer...

[BJJ]

AGE__________MALE_______________AGE_______________FEMALE

7-9__________< 9 ng/dL______________________________< 15 ng/dL
10-11________2-57 ng/dL_____________________________2-42 ng/dL
12-13________7-747 ng/dL____________________________6-64 ng/dL
14-15________33-585 ng/dL___________________________9-49 ng/dL
16-17________185-886 ng/dL__________________________8-63 ng/dL
18-39________300-1080 ng/dL______18-30______________11-59 ng/dL
40-59________350-890 ng/dL_______31-40______________11-56 ng/dL
> 60_________300-720 ng/dL_______41-51______________9-55 ng/dL
________________________________Postmenopause______6-25 ng/dL